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MODULE 1
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Operating System (OS) | System software that acts as an interface between the user and hardware and controls program execution |
| Goals of Operating System | Execute programs, make system convenient to use, and use hardware efficiently |
| Computer System | Combination of hardware, software, and users working together |
| Computer Hardware | Physical components like CPU, memory, and I/O devices |
| Application Programs | Programs used to solve user problems (e.g., games, business apps) |
| Users | Individuals or systems that use the computer |
| User Interface (UI) | Part of the OS that allows users to enter and receive information |
| Command Line Interface (CLI) | Text-based interface using commands |
| Batch Interface | Executes jobs without user interaction |
| Graphical User Interface (GUI) | Interface using windows, icons, and menus |
| Program Execution | Ability of OS to load and run programs |
| File System Manipulation | Ability to create, delete, read, write, and search files |
| Input/Output Operations | OS manages reading and writing data to devices |
| Communication | Exchange of information between processes |
| Resource Allocation | Distribution of CPU, memory, and devices |
| Error Detection | Detects and handles system errors |
| Job Accounting | Tracks time and resource usage |
| Security and Protection | Controls access and protects system from threats |
| Kernel | Central part of OS that manages resources and connects hardware and applications |
| Bootloader | Program that loads the OS into memory during startup |
| Batch Operating System (BOS) | Processes grouped jobs without direct user interaction |
| Time-Sharing Operating System | Allows multiple users to interact with system simultaneously |
| Distributed Operating System | Uses multiple processors/computers to perform tasks |
| Network Operating System (NOS) | Manages network resources and services |
| Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) | Processes data instantly with very fast response time |
| Handheld Operating System | OS designed for mobile devices like Smartphones |
| CPU (Central Processing Unit) | Executes instructions of programs |
| Device Controller | Manages specific hardware devices |
| Bus | Communication path connecting components |
| Memory | Stores data and programs |
| Interrupt | Signal from hardware or software requiring immediate attention |
| Hardware Interrupt | Signal caused by hardware actions (e.g., key press) |
| Software Interrupt | Signal caused by program errors or requests (trap) |
| Interrupt Driven System | OS responds to interrupts to perform tasks |
| Polling | OS checks each device for requests |
| Vectored Interrupt | Device directly sends interrupt signal to OS |
| Dual Mode Operation | System operates in user mode and kernel mode |
| User Mode | Mode where application programs run |
| Kernel Mode | Mode where OS has full control |
| Mode Bit | Indicates whether system is in user or kernel mode |
| Privileged Instructions | Instructions executable only in kernel mode |
| System Call | Request made by a program to the OS kernel |
| Single-Processor System | System with one CPU |
| Multiprocessor System | System with multiple CPUs working together |
| Parallel System | Another term for multiprocessor system |
| Multicore System | CPU with multiple cores in one chip |
| Asymmetric Multiprocessing | One processor controls others (master-slave) |
| Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) | All processors are equal and share tasks |
| Throughput | Amount of work done in a given time |
| Economy of Scale | Reduced cost due to shared resources |
| Reliability | Ability to continue working even if one processor fails |
| Clustered System | Multiple computers working together sharing storage |
| Storage Area Network (SAN) | Network used for shared storage |
| Asymmetric Clustering | One system in standby mode |
| Symmetric Clustering | Multiple systems actively working |
| High-Performance Computing (HPC) | Systems designed for high-speed processing |
| Traditional Computing | Standalone or network-connected computers |
| Mobile Computing | Use of smartphones and tablets |
| Distributed System | Group of connected computers sharing resources |
| Client-Server Computing | Clients request services, servers provide them |
| Compute Server | Provides processing services |
| File Server | Provides file storage and access |
| Peer-to-Peer (P2P) | All nodes act as both client and server |
| Virtualization | Running operating systems as applications inside another OS |
| Emulation | Running software designed for a different CPU |
| Cloud Computing | Delivering computing services over a network |
| Public Cloud | Cloud available via the internet |
| Private Cloud | Cloud used within an organization |
| Hybrid Cloud | Combination of public and private cloud |
| Software as a Service (SaaS) | Applications provided over the internet |
| Platform as a Service (PaaS) | Platform for developing applications online |
| Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) | Provides servers and storage over internet |
| Open Source Operating System | OS with source code available for modification and distribution |
Created by:
Va_li