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Geology Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is an objective statement? | I observed that it rained yesterday |
| What distinguishes science from pseudoscience? | Concepts must be falsifiable to be considered science. |
| Why is science normally a slow process? | The process of weeding out misinformation and verifying results takes time. |
| In the scientific method, which of these steps would normally follow experimentation and sharing of results? | Peer Review |
| Which of the following best matches the word theory? | A concept widely tested and accepted |
| Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning, in contrast with Aristotelian deductive reasoning? | A new mineral was discovered on Mars, leading to a brand new hypothesis about water on Mars |
| What simple scientific technique did geologists like Hutton, Steve, and Lyell use to draw fundamental geologic conclusions? | Comparing ancient rocks/fossils to modern counterparts |
| Igneous rocks form by | crystallization |
| Which layer of the Earth is liquid? | Outer Core |
| Which of the following is NOT important in judging the credibility of a source? | Made by scientists who have never been wrong before |
| Science deniers commonly use three rhetorical arguments. What is the one they don’t generally use? | Present alternative scientific data to disprove scientific conclusions |
| Why do scientists prefer quantitative data? | Reveal trends and show options for analysis |
| Why are objective observations so important to science? | They are helpful in removing bias |
| What paradigm shift in geology most changed the way geologists look at the world? | Plate Tectonics |
| How did scientists first figure out plates could sink into the interior of the planet, since no one can see this happening? | Lines of progressively-deeper earthquakes near arcs and trenches |
| Which of the following are NOT evidence Wegener used to construct the idea of Continental Drift? | Earthquake locations lined up with crustal features |
| Which layer of the Earth can move internally or flow to allow the plates to move around on it? | athenosphere |
| Why do high mountains like the Als and Himalayas form when continents collide? | The materials of continental plates are similar in density and don’t disinfect beneath one another |
| What famous transform fault is known as for being the boundary between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate in California? | San Andreas fault |
| What makes transform boundaries district than other boundaries? | Transform has was volcanoes |
| Why are piercing points important with transform boundaries? | They track movement |
| What are the ways transform faults move? | Left (sinistral) and right (dextral) |
| Why are there not as many earthquakes or volcanoes on the east coast of North America as the west coast of North America? | It is not close to a plate boundary (passive margin). |
| What makes the Hawaiian hot spot different than the Yellowstone hot spot? | Different types of tectonic plates |
| According to the Wilson Cycle, what feature or process is most likely to occur after collision and formation of a supercontinent? | Rifting |
| Why did Alfred Wegener never get the support of the scientific community for his hypothesis of continental drift during his lifetime? | He could not provide a mechanism for how continents moved |
| We are not able to get rocks from deep within the Earth. What is the most direct source of information that allows us to draw conclusions about the interior? | Seismic waves |
| If these, what boundary generally produces new liquid magma? | Subduction |
| What happens to the crust as you move towards the mid-ocean ridge? | The crust gets younger |
| Which plate boundary is least likely to be dangerous to humans? | Mid-Ocean Ridge |
| Which tectonic setting places the asthenosphere farthest from the surface? | Continental collisions |
| What is the biggest difference between hot-spot volcanism in an island chain and plate tectonic volcanism in an island chain? | Hot spots have age trends |
| Minerals have a crystalline structure. What does this mean? | That the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner. |
| If a magnesium ion is labeled +2, what does that mean? | It has lost two electrons |
| If an atom of the twelfth element (magnesium) has an atomic mass of 25, how many protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e) does it have? | P=12 n=13 e=12 |
| Which of the following is considered to make up a mineral or minerals? | A fossil baby tooth |
| Which of the following does not cause an increase in mineral precipitation? | Heating a fluid |
| The igneous mineral olivine has a formula,. What does Fe Mg mean? | The mineral took either Fe or Mg from the magma as needed. |
| What is the most common mineral formed by life? | Calcite |
| When a mineral precipitates from solution, it ____. | Crystallized into a crystal |
| Why are mica minerals “like a sandwich”? | Because layers of weak bonds cause the older mineral to easily cleave into sheet |
| Which of the following is NOT an arrangement of silica tetrahedral in silicate minerals? | Triple chain |
| Which mineral group provides important ores of copper, lead, and zinc, among other metals? | Sulfides |
Created by:
Honi