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critical c6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are analogues | Analogues are the two things being compared in an argument by analogy. |
| What is the form of an argument by analogy? | The form of an argument by analogy is (1) X has property P (2) Y is just like X in all respects relevant to P (3); so, Y is P too. |
| Using the concepts of a necessary and sufficient condition, explain why an argument by analogy that fits the form is valid. | An argument by analogy is a valid form because it is saying that two analogues, X and Y, are similar in all relevant respects, or sufficiently similar for sharing some relevant property. |
| analogical premise | |
| relevant property | |
| Reasoning by Perfect Analogy | |
| To decide whether an analogical premise is true | we need to decide what the relevant respects are and whether the analogues are exactly alike with respect to them. |
| Relevance Question | What are the relevant respects? |
| Comparison Question | Are the analogues alike in the relevant respects? |
| false analogy | An argument by analogy that has a false analogical premise commits the mistake we call False Analogy |
| Sometimes when we reason by analogy | we compare something to a model or representation of it. |
| WHEN ARE SAMPLES REPRESENTATIVE | A sample may be representative of a target for one relevant property but not for another. |
| To be representative of the target, a sample must be | the right size. |
| The size depends on how | homogeneous the target is with respect to the relevant property. The more homogeneous, the smaller the sample can be. |
| A sample of something is random just in case | every part of it has the same chance of being in the sample. |
| A sample is more likely to be representative if it is | both random and large enough. |
| Self-selected samples should be treated as | non-representative. |
| Randomly selected samples of adequate size are more likely to be | representative. |
| When we reason using models and maps, we often make | idealizations to simplify our reasoning. |
| Hasty Generalization. | It is a mistake to draw a conclusion about a target group based on an unrepresentative sample. This is a mistake because since a premise is false the argument is not sound. |
| Under what conditions is it logically acceptable for the property mentioned in the conclusion of an argument by analogy not to be the same as the property mentioned in the premises? | It is logically acceptable for the property mentioned in the conclusion of an argument by analogy not to be the same as the property mentioned in the premises as long as the one in the premise includes or implies the one in the conclusion. |
| When is an analogical claim true or acceptable | An analogical claim is true or acceptable if 1) the respects in which the analogues are said to be the same are in fact relevant ones, and also 2) if the analogues are, in fact, alike in those relevant respects |
| What is the mistake of a false analogy and why is it a mistake? | A false analogy occurs when an argument by analogy has a false analogical premise; that is, when the analogues are not exactly the same in all relevant respects. |
| false analogy example | Baseball is like love, in baseball you only get three strikes before out. in love, if you strike out three times, you are out. This is a false analogy although love and baseball may be alike a certain respects, they are not the same in all respects. |
| Are the premises in an argument by analogy dependent? | The premises in an argument by analogy are dependent because they work together to support the conclusion. |
| The premises in an argument by analogy are dependent example |
Created by:
aishamahboob