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Study Stack Ch. 11
- Price Cooper
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Decibels | Units of relative loudness of sounds; zero decibels (0 dB) designates the point at which people with normal hearing can just detect sound. |
| Congenitally deaf | Deafness that is present at birth; can be caused by genetic factors, by injuries during fetal development, or by injuries occurring at birth. |
| Adventitiously deaf | Deafness that occurs through illness or accident in an individual who was born with normal hearing. |
| Prelingual deafness | Deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language, usually at birth. |
| Postlingual deafness | Deafness occurring after the development of speech and language. |
| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) | The anatomical boundary between the outer and middle ears; the sound gathered in the outer ear vibrates here. |
| Auricle | The visible part of the ear, composed of cartilage; collects the sounds and funnels them via the external auditory canal to the eardrum. |
| Ossicles | Three tiny bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that together make possible an efficient transfer of sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window, which connects the middle ear to the inner ear. |
| Malleus | The hammer-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Incus | The anvil-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Stapes | The stirrup-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Oval window | The link between the middle and inner ears. |
| Vestibular mechanism | Located in the upper portion of the inner ear; consists of three soft, semicircular canals filled with a fluid; sensitive to head movement, acceleration, and other movements related to balance. |
| Cochlea | A snail-shaped organ that lies below the vestibular mechanism in the inner ear; its parts convert the sounds coming from the middle ear into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. |
| Otoacoustic emissions | Low-intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation; used to screen hearing problems in infants and very young children. |
| Audiologist | An individual trained in audiology, the science dealing with hearing impairments, their detection, and remediation. |
| Pure-tone audiometry | A test whereby tones of various intensities and frequencies are presented to determine a person’s hearing loss. |
| Hertz (Hz) | A unit of measurement of the frequency of sound; refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. |
| Audiometric zero | The lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear. |
| Speech audiometry | A technique that tests a person’s detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss. |
| Speech-reception threshold (SRT) | The decibel level at which a person can understand speech. |
| Conductive hearing impairment | A hearing impairment, usually mild, resulting from malfunctioning along the conductive pathway of the ear (i.e., the outer or middle ear). |
| Sensorineural hearing impairment | A hearing impairment, usually severe, resulting from malfunctioning of the inner ear. |
| Mixed hearing impairment | A hearing impairment resulting from a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing impairments. |
| External otitis | An infection of the skin of the external auditory canal; also called swimmer’s ear. |
| Otitis media | An inflammation of the middle ear; common in young children; can result in hearing loss; when caused by infection, called acute otitis media. |
| Connexin-26 gene | A gene, the mutation of which causes deafness; the leading cause of congenital deafness in children. |
| Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) | The most frequently occurring viral infection in newborns; can result in a variety of disabilities, especially hearing impairment. |
| Sign language | A manual language used by people who are deaf to communicate; a true language with its own grammar. |
| Fingerspelling | Spelling the English alphabet by various finger positions on one hand. |
| Cochlear implantation | A surgical procedure that allows people who are deaf to hear some environmental sounds; an external coil fitted on the skin by the ear picks up sound from a microphone worn by the person and transmits it to an internal coil implanted in the bone behind th |
| In vitro fertilization | A method of promoting pregnancy; a procedure whereby a woman’s egg or eggs are taken from her ovaries, and male sperm are placed with the egg(s) in the laboratory. |
| Oralism–manualism debate | The controversy over whether the goal of instruction for students who are deaf should be to teach them to speak or to teach them to use sign language. |
| Total communication approach | An approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that blends oral and manual techniques. |
| Simultaneous communication | The use of both manual and oral communication by people who are deaf. |
| Bicultural-bilingual approach | An approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that stresses teaching American Sign Language as a first language and English as a second language and promotes the teaching of Deaf culture. |
| Auditory-verbal approach | Part of the oral approach to teaching students who have hearing impairment; stresses teaching the person to use his or her remaining hearing as much as possible; heavy emphasis on use of amplification; heavy emphasis on teaching speech. |
| Auditory-oral approach | A method of teaching communication to people who are deaf that stresses the use of visual cues, such as speechreading and cued speech. |
| Speechreading | A method that involves teaching children to use visual information from a number of sources to understand what is being said to them; more than just lipreading, which uses only visual clues arising from the movement of the mouth in speaking. |
| Cued speech | A method to aid speechreading in people with hearing impairment; the speaker uses hand shapes to represent sounds. |
| Homophenes | Sounds that are different but that look the same with regard to movements of the face and lips (i.e., visible articulatory patterns). |
| Signing English systems | Used simultaneously with oral methods in the total communication approach to teaching students who are deaf; different from American Sign Language because the signs maintain the same word order as spoken English. |
| Fingerspelling | Spelling the English alphabet by various finger positions on one hand. |
| Text telephone (TT) | A device connected to a telephone by a special adapter; allows communication over the telephone between people who have hearing impairment and those with hearing; sometimes referred to as a TTY (teletype) or TTD (telecommunication device for the deaf). |
| Video relay service (VRS) | A service, using a sign language interpreter, a video camera or computer, and an Internet connection, that allows persons who are deaf to communicate with those who are hearing. |
| Transliteration | A method used by most sign language interpreters in which the signs maintain the same word order as that of spoken English; American Sign Language (ASL) is also used by some interpreters. |
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