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Psychology
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Stressors | are events, situations, or conditions that cause stress—they trigger a physical or emotional response in your body and mind. | |
| Abstinence | Completely avoiding a substance, like alcohol or drugs, to prevent use. | |
| Alcohol poisoning | dangerous, potentially fatal condition caused by consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period, leading to slowed breathing, unconsciousness, or death. | |
| Anxiolytics | Medications that reduce anxiety, often prescribed for panic disorders or generalized anxiety. | |
| Behavioral undercontrol | A personality trait characterized by impulsivity, risk-taking, and poor self-regulation, increasing likelihood of substance misuse. | |
| Binge drinking | Consuming a large quantity of alcohol in a short time, typically 5+ drinks for men or 4+ drinks for women in about 2 hours. | |
| Controlled drinking | A harm-reduction approach where individuals aim to limit alcohol use rather than complete abstinence. | |
| Heavy drinking | Regularly consuming large amounts of alcohol that exceeds recommended limits (e.g., more than 14 drinks/week for men, 7 for women). | |
| Intoxication | A state of impaired physical and mental functioning caused by consuming alcohol or drugs. | |
| Delirium tremens (DTs) | Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms including confusion, tremors, hallucinations, and seizures; can be life-threatening. | |
| Detoxification (Detox) | The medically supervised process of clearing a substance from the body and managing withdrawal symptoms. | |
| Depressant | A substance that slows down the central nervous system, reducing alertness and inhibitions (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines). | |
| Dissociative anesthetic | Drugs that cause a sense of detachment from the environment and self; can act as hallucinogens or sedatives (e.g., PCP, ketamine). | |
| Gateway drug | A substance whose use may lead to experimentation with more dangerous or addictive drugs (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana). | |
| Hallucinogen | Drugs that cause perceptual distortions or hallucinations, affecting senses, mood, and thought (e.g., LSD, psilocybin). | |
| Hypnotics | Medications that induce sleep or sedation, often used for insomnia (e.g., zolpidem). | |
| Opioid | Drugs derived from opium or synthetic versions that relieve pain but can be highly addictive (e.g., morphine, heroin). | |
| Sedatives | Substances that calm or relax the central nervous system; overlap with depressants (e.g., barbiturates). | |
| Stimulant | Drugs that increase alertness, energy, or attention by stimulating the central nervous system (e.g., caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines). | |
| Motivational interviewing / Motivational enhancement therapy | Counseling approaches that help individuals resolve ambivalence and increase motivation to change substance use behaviors. | |
| Physiological dependence | When the body adapts to a substance, causing withdrawal symptoms if use stops abruptly. | |
| Psychoactive substance | Any chemical that affects mood, perception, or behavior (e.g., alcohol, nicotine, cannabis). | |
| Relapse | Returning to substance use after a period of abstinence or reduced use. | |
| Synergistic effect | When two substances combined produce effects greater than the sum of each drug alone (e.g., alcohol + sedatives). | |
| Tolerance | Needing increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect due to repeated use. | |
| Withdrawal | Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops or reduces use of a substance they are dependent on (e.g., sweating, anxiety, nausea). | |
| Etiology – Biological | The study of how genetic, neurological, or physiological factors cause or contribute to a disease or disorder. | |
| Etiology – Psychological | The study of how mental processes, personality traits, emotions, or past experiences contribute to the development of a disorder. | |
| Etiology – Social | The study of how relationships, family, peers, and social environment influence the onset or course of a disorder. | |
| Etiology – Sociocultural | The study of how cultural, economic, and societal factors, such as norms, values, and social inequalities, affect the development of a disorder. | |
| Epidemiology | The branch of science that examines the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. | |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | mental health condition characterized by chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday things. People with GAD often anticipate disaster or worry excessively about health, work, school, finances, or relationships, even when there is little | |
| Panic Disorder | Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder where a person experiences sudden, intense episodes of fear or discomfort, called panic attacks, often without a clear trigger. These attacks can happen unexpectedly and may make someone feel like they are losi | |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | s a mental health condition where a person experiences recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that they feel driven to perform. These obsessions and compulsions are time-consuming, distressing, and interfere wi | |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | is a mental health condition that can develop after someone experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, such as serious accidents, natural disasters, combat, or violence. People with PTSD may relive the trauma, avoid reminders of it, and experience strong | |
| Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) | is a mental health condition that occurs shortly after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. It is similar to PTSD, but the symptoms happen immediately or within the first month after the trauma. If symptoms last longer than a month, it may | |
| Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) | also called social phobia, is an anxiety disorder where a person experiences intense fear or anxiety in social situations because they worry about being judged, embarrassed, or humiliated by others. This fear is stronger than normal shyness and can inter | |
| Psychosomatic | refers to physical symptoms that are caused or worsened by mental or emotional factors, rather than by a direct physical disease. In other words, the mind can affect the body, and stress, anxiety, or other psychological factors can lead to real physical p | |
| Cognitive | refers to anything related to thinking, understanding, learning, and remembering. It’s about the mental processes your brain uses to process information and make sense of the world. | |
| Psychological | refers to anything related to the mind, thoughts, emotions, and behavior. It’s about how people think, feel, and act, and how these mental processes influence their overall well-being. | |
| Specific Phobia | is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no actual danger. People with specific phobias often go to great lengths to avoid the feared thing, and the fear can inte | |
| Agoraphobia | is an anxiety disorder where a person fears being in situations or places where escape might be difficult or help might not be available if they experience a panic attack or severe anxiety. It often leads to avoiding public places or leaving home. | |
| Schizophrenia | is a serious mental disorder that affects a person’s thinking, emotions, and behavior, often making it hard to distinguish what is real from what is not. People with schizophrenia may experience hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and social |
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