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unit 4
| question | Answer |
|---|---|
| after birth the foramen ovale closes and becomes the | fossa ovalis |
| in a fetus, the umbilical arteries arise from the renal arteries TRUE OR FALSE | false |
| gastrulation results in formation of | three primary germ layers |
| the stage that is a solid ball of 16 cells is the | morula |
| the chorion______ and the amnion _______ | projects into the endometrium and helps form the placenta; is a membrane that encircles a developing embryo |
| after birth, the ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the | ligamentum arteriosum |
| free radicals are described as | unpaired electrons that steal electrons from other molecules, destabilizing them |
| implantation typically occurs between | the end of week 1 and the end of week 2 |
| a change described in the 50s include | loss of close vision and slowing nail growth |
| if a patient has a blocked uterine tube, the ART method described as most directly used is | in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
| the yolk sac | forms blood cells in early development |
| conjoined twins result from incomplete twinning, which occurs during the first month of gestation TRUE OR FALSE | true |
| colostrum is best described as | first milk that is protein and antibody rich with lower carbs and fats than mature milk |
| following birth, the infants metabolic rate | increases and its oxygen consumption increases |
| the major body parts derived from mesoderm are the | muscle tissue, bone tissue, and bone marrow |
| infancy extends from the end of the 4th week to | one year of age |
| a major difference between fetal blood flow and adult blood flow is that in the fetus the | inferior vena cava contains blood high in oxygen |
| alcohol exposure during pregnancy can lead to | fetal alcohol effects, syndrome with facial changes, slowed growth, and impaired intellect |
| after the fetus is delivered, the placenta is expelled as the | afterbirth |
| cells in ectoderm and endoderm are described as primarily | epithelial cells |
| the trophoblast is the cell layer of the blastocyst that | forms supportive structures and secretes hCG |
| repair enzymes correct | mutations that occur when DNA replicates |
| which of the following is a function of hCG? | it helps protect the blastocyst against being rejected |
| labor contractions are aided by the contraction of the | abdominal wall muscles |
| after sperm entry, the zona pellucida hardens primarily to | prevent polyspermy (entry of additional sperm) |
| most blood returning to the placenta for reoxygenation travels through the | umbilical arteries |
| hCG is secreted by the | trophoblast/ early placental tissues |
| as pregnancy progresses, progesterone concentrations generally | increase toward term |
| parturition refers to | the birth process |
| hydrogen peroxide is a natural byproduct of cellular metabolism in the human body. it sometimes reacts with certain ions in the body to produce a very reactive, electron-grabbing form of hydroxide that has been observed to kill healthy cells in vitro this | free radical |
| fertilization typically takes place in the | infundibulum of a uterine tube |
| a blastocyst is best described as | a hollow ball of cells that can attatch to the endometrium |
| human prenatal development takes _____ weeks | 38 |
| a medication that blocks oxytocin receptors late in pregnancy would most directly reduce | uterine contractions during labor |
| a listed benefit of breastfeeding is that breast-fed babies are less likely to become | obese |
| passive aging is described as involving structural breakdown and slowing of function, including | degeneration of elastin /collagen and disrupted DNA replication |
| degenerative changes are described as beginning after about age | 30 |
| in the stages of birth, cervical dilation occurs before | expulsion of the fetus |
| kidneys are described as deriving primarily from the | mesoderm |
| teratogens are | factors that cause malformations during rapid growth/development/specialization |
| umbilical arteries carry blood | from fetus to placenta |
| what is the name of the disease that is an autosomal recessive disorder and is characterized by a defective gene in the chloride channel and allows mucus to build up in the lungs and the pancreas called? | cystic fibrosis |
| the complete set of genes for an organism | genome |
| the term "exome" refers to | the protein-encoding parts of the genome |
| also known as a trait that is easily seen or measured | phenotype |
| word segment chromo- means | color |
| this can be defined as an "inheritance which two different alleles in a heterozygote are both EQUALLY EXPRESSED" and blood groups would be an example? | codominance |
| the exome includes primarily | protein-coding genes (exons) |
| down syndrome is most commonly | trisomy 21 |
| segment of DNA that codes for a protein | gene |
| XY is a male genotype, and _____ is another male genotype | XXY |
| the study of inheritance of characteristics is called _____? | genetics |
| in ABO in heritance, genotype AO produces blood type | type A |
| XX is a female genotype. which answer below can be another female genotype? | XO |
| which of the following chromosomes listed below is the largest chromosome based on the Karyotype diagram definition? | Chromosome 1 |
| what is the name of the substance secreted from the parasympathetic nerves that will dilate the arteries and compress the veins to allow males and females erectile tissue to swell with blood called? | nitric oxide |
| word segment poly- means | many |
| short segment of DNA that encodes the information to make a specific protein | gene |
| different alleles of the same gene are said to be | heterozygous |
| assume simple dominance. furthermore, assume that dominant allele "S" is for smooth skin, and recessive allele "s" is for bumpy skin. if parents with Ss and SS genotypes were to mate, what percent of their offspring will have bumpy skin? | 0% |
| heterozygous | Hh |
| it was found that Emily's embryo had cells with 4 extra sets of chromosomes, a condition called _____ | polyploidy |
| which one of Mendels law is defined as "genes from different traits are sorted separately from one another" ? | law of independent assortment |
| if an individual has cystic fibrosis and this is an Autosomal Recessive trait and "C" is the normal allele and "c" is the recessive allele for cystic fibrosis. what would the genotype be for a person who has the disease? | cc |
| when a person has two identical alleles for a particular gene, this is called_____ ? | homozygous |
| suckling promotes continued milk production primarily by sustaining | prolactin secretion |
| blastocyst implantation is described as beginning around | days 6-7 after fertilization |
| the accumulation of lipofuscin is considered an example of | active aging (new substances appearing) |
| in PGD, it is described as safe to remove how many cells from cleavage embryo for testing? | 1 or 2 cells |
| hCG helps maintain early pregnancy by | keeping the corpus luteum viable |
| the term newborn refers to the period from birth through _____ whereas the term infant refers to the period from_____ | the first four weeks, the first month to 1 year |
| during the 3rd month of fetal development, a key body proportion change is | body lengthens quickly while head growth slows |
| during the 5th month, development is described to include | hair growth and fetal muscle contractions |
| the connecting stalk is more important because it links the embryo to the developing placenta and becomes the | umbilical cord |
| during the 6th month, the fetus typically | gains weight and has wrinkled skin |
| surfactant helps a newborn by | reducing surface tension in alveoli |
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) is described as fertilization occurring | outside the body followed by the embryo placement into the uterus |
| the three leading causes of death in the United States are | heart disease, cancer, and stroke |
| the US life expectancy reported (2014) is about 76.4 years for males and 81.2 years for | females |
| genetically, aging can be affected by genes that regulate | glucose and lipid metabolism |
| embryonic stem cells are derived from the | inner cell mass of the blastocyst |
| fertilization (conception) is the union of a sperm cell and a | secondary oocyte |
| which of the following layers is considered loosely organized connective tissue? | Mesoderm |
| the umbilical vein carries blood that is relatively | oxygen-rich from placenta to fetus |
| a sign noted in pre-active dying is that some people | lose interest in food, conversation, and may sleep more |
| the allantois contributes to formation of | umbilical blood vessels and early blood cells |
| the cervix becomes thin and begins to open during | labor |
| the outermost extraembryonic membrane is the | chorion |
| some reproductive tumors produce hormones. one sign of the presence of a reproductive cancer is a positive result from a basic pregnancy test when pregnancy is not possible/very unlikely. these cancers produce a positive test result because they are secre | hCG |
| a newborn with insufficient surfactant would have difficulty primarily with | lung expansion due to high surface tension |
| the prenatal period is divided into | pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal stages |
| a developmental milestone of infancy described includes beginning to | reach/grasp, sit, crawl, and stand |
| centenarians are people who live past | 100 years of age |
| the embryonic stage runs from the 3rd week to | the end of the 8th week |
| in the fetal circulation, blood from the _____ flows directly into the descending aorta. | ductus arteriosus |
| after birth, the umbilical vein becomes | ligamentum teres |
| umbilical arteries carry blood | from fetus to placenta |
| Jeremy cannot ejaculate because of an injury he sustained in a car accident. an assisted reproductive technology that might help him to become a biological father is | intracytoplasmic sperm injection using his sperm into his partner's secondary oocyte. |
| the hormones that maintain the uterine wall during the last 5 to 6 months of pregnancy are | placental estrogen and progesterone |
| failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis | nondisjunction |
| the period of preactive dying takes | about a month |
| a key driver of the positive feedback loop in labor is cervical stretch leading to | oxytocin release and stronger contractions |
| compared to cows milk, human milk has | 1/3 the protein |
| PGD( preimplantation genetic diagnosis) is performed | after IVF and before implantation |
| passive aging includes degeneration of protein such as | elastin and collagen |
| Polygenic traits | Polygenic traits are traits that are determined by more than one gene, these traits are defined by multiple inputs. Ex. Height and complexion |
| Human Genome project | The human genome project was an international 13 year research endeavor that successfully mapped and sequenced the entire human genetic code |
| Different types of development | Embryological development- 0-8 weeks of development Fetal development- week 9 until birth Prenatal- period before birth Postnatal- after birth to maturity |
| Changes of mother during pregnancy | Respiration increases, blood volume increases, nutrient requirement increases, kidney function increases from ½ to full potential, breast size increases and mammary glands prepare to produce milk, uterus increases in size. |
| Stages of labor | Position- baby head down Dilation- cervix dilates to 10cm Expulsion- baby is delivered Placental- placenta is delivered |
| Multiple birth (types, differences) | Monozygotic- identical twins Dizygotic- fraternal twins Conjoined- identical twins, during development zygote doesn’t completely split. |
| Stages of Postnatal development | Neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, senescence, death. |
| Senescence | Senescence is the condition or process of deterioration with age |
| Neonatal development | The neonatal period extends from birth to 1 month, a critical transition period involving rapid physiological adjustments, including establishing independent breathing, circulation, and temperature regulation. |
| Autosome vs Sex chromosome | Karyotype- a chart with 23 chromosome pairs in order Autosome- chromosome pair from 1-22 Sex chromosome- pair 23, X/Y , determines sex of baby ( XX female, XY male) |
| Homozygous vs heterozygous | Homozygous- same allele combination that determines a trait. Ex. BB, bb Heterozygous- two different allele combination that determine a trait. Ex. Bb Dominant- both alleles are capital letters. Recessive- both are lower case letters Phenotype- physical m |
| Know how to set up and use the Punnett Square | 1. Determine genotypes of parents 2. Write possible sex parents can produce on the edges of the square 3. Fill in squares by combining alleles to predict genotypes of their offspring Big letter= dominant allele=1 copy of gene will have the trait Small |
| this can be defined as the production of a single gene producing two or more unrelated affects and one example is Marfawns disease that affects connective tissue in the body | pleiotrophy |
| variations of a gene | alleles |
| match the term on the left with the definition on the right mutant allele phenotype genotype | a change from the normal, or common gene variant variant form of a gene the appearance of a trait or health condition that develops as a result of the ways the genes are expressed the combination of gene variants for a particular gene |
| this can be defined as _____, when non-dis-junction will result in the condition of missing (XO) a chromosome for a person | monosomy |
| in a heterozygote, the gene that determines the phenotype is known as the _____ allele | dominant |
| turner syndrome corresponds to | XO |
| identical alleles are said to be | homozygous |
| males are most likely to express x-linked recessive traits because they | have only one X chromosome |
| word segment that means colored body | chromo- |
| genetics is the study of | inheritance of characteristics |
| a disease that can occur in an individual of either gender from two healthy parents | autosomal recessive disorder |
| _____ can be defined as all or none expression of a genotype in a person | penetrance |
| variant form of a gene | allele |
| alleles are | different versions of a gene |
| which sex linked chromosome only has 213 protein-encoding genes | Y |
| assume co-dominance. furthermore assume that allele D is for cytoplasmic protein alpha, and allele d is for cytoplasmic protein beta. if parents with DD and dd genotypes were to mate, what percent of their offspring will have cytoplasmic protein beta | 100% |
| this can be defined as a type of inheritance where the phenotypes of a heterozygote is intermediate between those of the homozygotes and hypercholesterolemia for LDL receptors where given and example of this in class | incomplete dominance |
| when the alleles on a chromosome are NOT THE SAME or different this can be called | heterozygous |
| identical twins are also known as _____ twins | monozygotic |
| how alike are our genomes | nearly 100% |
| if two carriers (Aa x Aa) have an autosomal recessive disorder, probability of an affected child is | 25% |
| XX is a female genotype, ____ is another female genotype | XO |
| what is the name of the procedure when the fluid is removed from the abdominal wall, cells are cultured for chromosomal abnormalities and has the lowest risk for miscarriage of the child called? | amniocentesis |
| kristen is AA, Lisa is aa, Carolyn is Aa for the gene that controls the # of acetylcholine receptors on their skeletal muscles. biochemical analysis reveals the following average per cc of skeletal muscle Kristen 5k , Lisa 1k, Carolyn 3k | A exhibits incomplete dominance to a |
| the two general types of chromosomes are | sex chromosomes and autosomes |
| the phenotypes and genotypes that result from a cross of Aa and aa (A=normal pigmentation and a= albinism) are | phenotypes- 50% normal and 50% albino; genotypes- 50% heterozygous and 50% homozygous recessive |
| an individual who has an allele for brown eyes and an allele for blue eyes is said to be | heterozygous |
| a dominant allele is one that | masks a recessive allele in a heterozygote |
| assume simple dominance. furthermore assume that dominant allele S is for smooth skin and recessive allele s is for bumpy skin. if parents with Ss and SS genotypes were to mate , what percent of their offspring will have smooth skin | 100% |
| this can be defined as a chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order | karyo- |
| what determines the biological gender of a child | the presence of a Y chromosome |
| nondisjunction is | failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis |
| how many chromosomes can be found in an average human | 46 |
| an autosomal recessive disorder typically requires | two recessive alleles for disease expression |
| this can be defined as traits that are determined by more than one gene. examples are height, skin, color, and eye color | polygenic traits |
| XX is a female genotype, and ____ is another female genotype | XO |
| a male genotype | XXY |
| this term can be defined as having a normal number of chromosomes for a human organism | euploid |
| which sex is more affected by sex linked traits such as color blindness or hemophilia? | males |
| who is the father of genetics | Greg Mendel |
| word segment that means same | homo- |
| the genome is best defined as | the complete set of genetic instructions in a persons cells |
| a cellular change associated with senescence described is | declining cell division in certain cell types |
| which of the following is NOT true about the fetal stage of development | it includes the blastocyst and morula stages |
| the yolk sac is an extraembryonic membrane that early in development forms | blood cells |
| only a few hundred sperm out of an ejaculation typically reach the secondary oocyte because | most are lost along the route and barriers of the female tract |
| amniotic fluid functions to | cushion the embryo and help maintain a stable temperature |
| upon examination of a zygote, a developmental biologist discovers that it possesses 69 chromosomes. what does this indicate | the zygote resulted from polyspermy (multiple fertilizations of the same oocyte) by two sperm cells |
| a change described in the 40s includes | arteries/arterioles narrowing and muscles losing strength |
| mitosis and apoptosis are described as | opposite but complementary processes |
| the fetal stage of development begins at the end of the eight week TRUE OR FALSE | TRUE |
| progesterone in semen stimulates the movement of sperm cells TRUE OR FALSE | FALSE |
| some women prolong breastfeeding or lactation in general as a form of birth control. how would extension of lactation be effective in preventing pregnancy? | prolactin is the hormone that corresponds with lactation. it also inhibits ovulation at the pituitary gland level, so as long as lactation is actively occuring, ovulation is prevented. |
| the inner cell mass | gives rise to the embryo |
| which are extraembryonic membranes | chorion |
| amniotic fluid | protects the embryo against being jarred by movements |
| the foramen ovale shunts most blood because fetal | lungs are not functional for gas exchange |
| exchange of O2, nutrients, and wastes between mother and fetus occurs across the | placental membrane |
| compared to adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin | binds oxygen more readily |
| active dying is described as a period when | appetite declines and organ systems shut down gradually |
| a gastrula is an embryo that has | three primary germ layers |
| some factors that help to stimulate the newborns first breath are increasing CO2, decreasing pH, decreasing O2, decreasing body temperature, and mechanical stimulation TRUE OR FALSE | TRUE |
| the placenta forms from | endometrium and cells surrounding the embryo |
| a fetus develops in such a way that the type II cells of the lungs never develop, resulting in no production of surfactant in the alveoli. the fetus continues development and survives to birth. what will happen when the newborn tries to take its first bre | it wont be able to take its first breath because its lungs will remain collapsed from high surface tension |
| cells produced during cleavage are called | blastomeres |
| in fetal circulation, a small amount of blood enters the pulmonary trunk primarily to | nourish developing lung tissue |
| during pregnancy, prolactin is released by the | anterior pituitary gland |
| a major role of the placenta is | maternal-fetal exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes |
| a morula is best described as | a solid ball of about 16 cells |
| before male and female nuclei unite, they are called | pronuclei |
| as a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to bypass the | lungs |
| passive aging is | a breakdown of structures and slowing of functions |
| by age 70, a physical change described is that height may have decreased by about | 1 inch |
| centenarians are | people who live past 100 years |
| apoptosis is | programmed cell death |
| according to the material, genetics become more important in mortality outcomes at | older ages ( beyond 85) |
| colostrum is noted to protect against infections because it contains | antibodies |
| milk ejection (let-down) in response to suckling is mediated by | oxytocin |
| the fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively | high in oxygen and nutrients |
| the ductus venosus functions to | bypass most of the liver by connecting to the inferior vena cava |
| implantation is the | attatchment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining |
| early in pregnancy., hCG maintains the corpus luteum, which secretes | estrogens and progesterone |
| the blastocyst stage is characterized by | a hollow ball of cells with inner cell mass and trophoblast |
| a blastomere is a _____ and a blastocyst is _____ | cell produced by cleavage, a hollow ball of cells |
| human life span is _____ years | 120 |
| breastfeeding may delay ovulation postpartum because prolactin | inhibits FSH and LH secretion |
| during childhood, a key functional development is establishment of | bladder and bowel control |
| during implantation, the blastocyst helps invade the endometrium by secreting | proteolytic enzymes |
| during the 7th month of fetal development | eyes open and fat is deposited, smoothing the skin |
| sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for up to | 6 days |
| a sign noted in active dying is that a person may | confuse time, place, and people |
| during implantation, the blastocyst helps invade the endometrium by secreting | proteolytic enzymes |
| during the 7th month of fetal development | eyes open and fat is deposited, smoothing the skin |
| sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for up to | 6 days |
| a sign noted in active dying is that a person may | confuse time, place, and people |
Created by:
arielwsitl