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ch. 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| factors that protect people from spreading infectious diseases | barriers/hygiene (handwashing) vaccination/immunity environmental/behavioral (clean water/crowded spaces) lifestyle (adequate sleep/exercise) |
| role of nutrition in immunity | nutrients are needed for immune cells and organs to function |
| body's first line of defense against infectious dieseases | physical/chemical barriers: skin, mucous, membranes, GI tract |
| body's second line of defense against | innate immune cells: spleen, lymph nods, thymus |
| foreign cells that elicit immune response | antigens: bacteria, viruses, food proteins, transplanted organs |
| leading nutrition-related causes of death in the United States | heart disease/cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes II, stroke, obesity/overnutrition |
| what is the #1 cause of diabetes-related deaths in U.S. | cardiovascular disease |
| list + explain factors of metabolic syndrome | low HDL Cholesterol high blood triglycerides high blood pressure high fasting blood sugar large waist circumference |
| 3 most common forms of cardiovascular diesease | coronary heart disease (most common) - disease of arteries in heart atherosclerosis - inflammatory response to tissue damage, resulting in accumulation of plaque hypertension - high blood pressure |
| low HDL Cholesterol metabolic factor explanation | HDL removes cholesterol from arteries -> increases CVD risk |
| high blood triglycerides metabolic factor explanation | excess TG increases risk of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance |
| high blood pressure metabolic factor explanation | - damages arteries, hrt/strke risk, worsens insulin resistance |
| high fasting blood sugar metabolic factor explanation | Indicates insulin resistance → increased risk of type 2 diabetes |
| large waist circumference metabolic factor explanation | Excess visceral fat → insulin resistance + inflammation |
| How many symptoms does someone need to have to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome? | 3/5 |
| What is the relationship of metabolic syndrome to chronic disease development? | Metabolic syndrome = cluster of risk factors → insulin resistance + atherosclerosis → chronic diseases (heart, diabetes, others) |
| phagocytes | - general scavenger cells, secrete cytokines activating the metabolic + immune responses to infection |
| phagocyte types | – Neutrophils: most common white blood cells (WBCs) – Macrophages: attack larger targets |
| lymphocytes | memory cells |
| lymphocyte types | B-cells: make antibodies (type of immunoglobulin) – T-cells: help B cells and kill infected cells—highly specific ▪ Destroy cancer cells ▪ Cause transplant (foreign substance) rejection |
| plaques | fatty streaks made of lipids, cholesterol, and calcium encased in fibrous tissues |
| how can plaque harm arteries? | Plaques stiffen and narrow arteries and attract minerals and other compounds in the blood |
| how does atherosclerosis develop | plaques in arteries can become - unstable plaques that rupture and travel to heart blocking coronary arteries - thrombosis blood clots - blocking vessels - embolism blood - breaking free from artery wall + lodges in smaller artery |
| strategies to lower blood cholesterol | dietary changes, weight management, regular physical activity, limit alcohol/smoking, medications |
| dietary changes to lower blood cholesterol | - reduce saturated fats (butter, fatty meats, full fat dairy) - avoid trans fats ( fried foods, baked goods - increase soluble fiber (oats, beans) - include healthy fats (olive, avocado) |
| DASH diet | many fruits, veggies, whole grains, fiber, plant/animal protein, low-fat dairy |
| DASH diet purpose | Low sodium (NaCl), high potassium (K) diet prescribed to lower blood pressure (potassium (k) creates electrolyte balance with sodium (nacl) in body esp with more nacl excretment in urine) |
| Summarize strategies to lower blood pressure. | DASH diet, preventative screening, stress management, increased potassium |
| Explain how insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels. | Insulin lowers blood glucose by moving glucose into cells (after eating) Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose (between meals/fasting) |
| characteristics of type 1 diabetes | - autoimmune disorder: immune cells mistakenly destroy insulin-producing cells in pancreas - genetic - typically present in childhood - 5-10% of diabetes |
| characteristics of type 2 diabetes | - reduced sensitivity to insulin receptors on cell surfaces - 1. hyperinsulinemia -2. hyperglycemia -3. advanced stage - pancreatic (endocrine) beta cells may weaken → insulin levels can drop - 90-95% diabetes cases |
| hyperinsulinemia | pancreas continually pumps insulin for bloodstream to compensate |
| hyperglycemia | glucose remains in blood, and livers excessively release glucose to compensate for energy-starved cells |
| diabetes I specific complications | Unplanned weight loss Diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic coma |
| diabetes II specific complications | Weight gain Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia |
| diabetes I & II common acute complications | hyperglycemia excessive urination excessive thirt dehydration excessive hunger |
| diabetes 1 & II common chronic complications | loss of circulation and nerve function (delayed wound healing, harmful infections) diseases of large blood vessels (heart attack, stroke) diseases of small blood vessels (blindness, kidney failure) |
| type 1 diabetes treatments | – Insulin therapy – Physical activity – Nutrition therapy |
| type 2 diabetes treatments | - Nutrition therapy – Medications/insulin – Moderate weight loss (at least 5%) – Regular physical activity |
| what groups have increasing rates of diabetes II? | minorities, children, adolescents |
| optimal fasting blood glucose | level of glucose in your blood after not eating for 8–12 hours (usually overnight) bc body needs a steady blood glucose level to supply energy to cells |
| optimal fasting blood level | 70-100 mg/dL |
| above optimal fasting blood level risks | 100–125 mg/dL: Prediabetes → body struggling to control glucose ≥126 mg/dL: Diabetes → either insulin resistance (Type 2) or lack of insulin (Type 1) |
| glycemic response definition | how fast glucose is absorbed after ingestion goal: slow absorption, modest blood glucose increase and small return to normal (70-99 mg/dL) |
| How does glycemic response affect blood glucose? | High glycemic response: rapid spike in blood glucose → pancreas releases more insulin Low glycemic response: slower steadier rise in blood glucose → more stable blood glucose |
| What dietary factors affect glycemic response? | Whole grains, fiber, protein/fat -> slow glucose rise sugar + white bread -> fast glucose spike |
| modifiable risk factors for CVD | - blood pressure/sugar - chronic inflammation - diet/exercise/bmi - smoking/stress - HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol |
| non-modifiable risk factors for CVD | - age - family history - cvd history - sex |
| CVD types: specific risk factors | coronary heart disease - chronic inflammation, old age atherosclerosis - male sex, family history, age hypertension - sodium intake, kidney disease, stress, older age |
| acute and chronic consequences of mismanaged coronary heart diesease | acute: heart attack, angina (chest pain) chronic: heart failure, arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat), reduced exercise tolerance |
| acute and chronic consequences of mismanaged high blood pressure | acute: trigger of stroke/heart attack chronic: heart disease, kidney, stroke, aneurysms |
| acute and chronic consequences of mismanaged atherosclerosis | acute - heart attack, stroke, limb ischemia (decreased blood flow to limb) chronic: organ disfunction, angina, peripheral problems, aneurysms |
| omega-3 fatty acid affect on cardiovascular disease | anti-inflammatory, lowers triglycerides, protects hears |
| omega-6 fatty acid affect on cardiovascular disease | lowers LDL if replacing saturated fat (but balance matters) |
| bad cholesterols (build plaque + contributes to CVD risk) | LDL & VLDL |
| good cholesterols (rids arteries of cholesterol + protects from CVD) | HDL |
| heart healthy fats to decrease CVD risk | monosaturated fats (olive oil, avocado, peanuts, almonds) polyunsaturated omega 3: fatty fish , flaxseed, walnuts omega 6: vegetable oils, nuts, seeds |
| dietary changes to decrease CVD risk | increase fiber limit sodium/added sugars moderate alcohol intake control portion sizes/maintain healthy weight |
| What are other changes people can make to improve their CV health? | Move, maintain weight, don’t smoke, limit alcohol, manage stress & sleep, screenings. |
| mediterranean diet | focus: olive oil, nuts, vegetables, legumes (beans/peas) whole grains, fish, moderate wine Limits: red meat, processed foods, sweets |
| dietary reccomendations for CVD | Focus: olive oil, nuts, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, moderate wine Limits: red meat, processed foods, sweets |
| how the DASH and Mediterranean diets prevent and treat cardiometabolic diseases | DASH = blood pressure focus (low sodium, high produce) Mediterranean = heart & metabolism focus (healthy fats, fish, antioxidants) Both: emphasize whole foods, fiber, low saturated fat, and balanced calories |
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