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Bio 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes | Lack nucleus, single-celled, circular chromosome, asexual binary fission. Produces biodegradable plastics. |
| Molecular systematics | Comparison of SSU-rRNA |
| Five Major Clades of Bacteria: Proteobacteria | Alpha: intracellular Gamma: legionares Delta: some predatory Epsilon: stomach ulcers |
| Five Major Clades of Bacteria: Chlamydia | Intracellular (within cell) |
| Five Major Clades of Bacteria: Spirochetes | Spiral shaped, movable bacteria. |
| Five Major Clades of Bacteria: Gram Positive Bacteria | Antibiotics (clostridium) |
| Five Major Clades of Bacteria: Cyanobacteria | Plant-like, oxygen-releasing |
| Antibiotics | Works on bacteria, NOT viruses. Any natural (metabolic process) or synthetic substance (drug) that inhibits or kills bacteria. |
| Antimicrobial Agent | Any natural or synthetic compound that kills bacteria, fungus, and virus |
| Antibodies | B cell receptors (antibodies) bind directly to antigens (non-self, foreign substance) |
| Bacterial STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) | can get reinfected (not immune) |
| Syphilis | Enters through tiny cuts in mucous membranes and can pass to developing fetus. Sexually transmitted |
| Penicillin | Interferes with cell wall formation. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol bind to bacterial ribosome and block protein synthesis. |
| Archaea | Prokaryotes that have differences from bacteria due to membrane lipids/cell wall. Similar to eukaryotes. |
| What are archaea often classified by? | ecology, metabolism, extremophiles status. |
| What do archaea do? | Obligate Anaerobes (cannot tolerate oxygen) Oxidize hydrogen Produce methane gas Found in: swamps, digestive tracts of animals, sewage Important in carbon cycle and climate change |
| Thermoacidophiles | live in extreme heat and acidic environment. |
| Halophiles | live in extremely salty environment, do not release oxygen Uses bacteriorhodospin (purple pigment) to capture light energy |
| Mitochondria | Sites of cellular respiration, metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, other fuels. |
| Chloroplast | Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis |
| Endosymbiont Theory | Eukaryotic cells formed when a large prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotes that became organelles (like mitochondria). |
| Cristae | Convoluted inner membrane infoldings of mitochondria. |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | Second compartment enclosed by the inner membrane. Contains many enzymes. |
| Thylakoids | Flattened, interconnected sac (membranous system inside chloroplasts) |
| Granum | Stack of thylakoid |
| Stroma | Fluid outside thylakoid containing chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. |
| Plastids | Specialized member of a family of chloroplasts that are closely related plant organelles |
| Amyloplast | Colorless organelle that stores starch |
| Chromoplast | Has pigments that give fruits and flowers orange/yellow hues |
| Peroxisome | specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. |
| Glyoxysomes | Found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds |
| Stromatolites | Layered rocks formed when prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together |
| Endosymbiosis | Cell living in another cell |
| Serial endosymbiosis | Hypothesis that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events. |
| Cambrian Expolsion | Animal phyla appear suddenly in fossils formed years ago. |
| Protists | FAPE (fungi, animals, plants, eukaryotes), eukaryotes only tho |
| Ocelloid | Dinoflagellate protist that's a complex eye-like organelle |
| Mixotrophs | Organism uses autotrophic and heterotrophic means of gaining nutrients. Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic. |
| Algae (red and green) | two lineages of photosynthetic protists that underwent secondary endosymbiosis |
| Secondary endosymbiosis | Eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that already has chloroplasts. |
| Nucleomorph | Tiny vestigial nucleus in an engulfed cell |
| Amitochondriate protists | organisms without conventional mitochondria and with fewer membrane enclosed organelles than other protist groups |
| Protista | Eukaryotic (Cells have membrane bound organelles) Not animals, plants, or fungi -> considered a "waste basket taxon" for eukaryotes that do not fit elsewhere. |
| Body plan and structure of Protists | Unicellular (single celled organisms) Colonial (groups of cells living together but w limited specialization) Multicellular (multiple cells w some differentiation, but not as complex as plants or animals). |
| Locomotion: Cilia | Short, hair like structures for moving/feeding |
| Locomotion: Flagella | Long, whip-like structures, not homologous with prokaryotes |
| Locomotion: Pseudopia | Cytoplasmic extensions used for movement/engulfing food |
| Locomotion: Passive/non-motile | some protists rely on currents or are stationary |
| Asexual reproduction | Most common form of reproduction in protists, occurs by mitosis (cell division) |
| Sexual reproduction | When organism experiences environmental stress Forms cyst (protective, dormant structure) to survive unfavorable conditions |
| Diplontic | fertilization, zygote, mitosis, diploid multicellular organism, meiosis *humans use this life cycle* |
| Haplontic | Haploid multicellular organism, mitosis, fertilization, meiosis, mitosis |
| Alternation of generation | Haploid multicellular organism (gametophyte), mitosis, gametes, fertilization, zygote, mitosis, meiosis, mitosis, spores |
| Evidence for Endosymbiotic Hypothesis: Nucleus | Surrounded by double membrane Protects DNA Allows complex regulation of genetic activity |
| Evidence for Endosymbiotic Hypothesis: Mitochondria | Alpha proteobacteria. Double membrane, own DNA, own tRNA, and ribosomes, binary fission replication |
| Evidence for Endosymbiotic Hypothesis: Chloroplast | Cyanobacteria. Double membrane, own DNA, own tRNA, and ribosomes, binary fission replication |
| Eukaryotes evolved from | prokaryotic ancestors |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from _____ through ______. | Bacteria, endosymbiosis |
| Mitosis (PMAT) | Prophase: chromosomes condense Metaphase: line up in the middle Anaphase: sister chromatids seperate Telophase: two nuclei form |
| Meiosis I | Prophase I → homologous chromosomes pair + crossing over Metaphase I → pairs line up Anaphase I → pairs separate Telophase I → 2 cells form |
| Meiosis II (like mitosis) | Chromosomes line up again Sister chromatids separate Result: 4 different cells Diploid (2N) → Haploid (1N) Used for sexual reproduction |
| Like prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ___ and ____ associated with their inner membranes | Ribosomes, circular dna molecules |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other eukaryotic organelles in that they have | two membranes surrounding them |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other eukaryotic organelles in that they | grow and reproduce in the cell |
| In the endosymbiosis model, the engulfed cell is called the ____ and the cell containing the engulfed cell is the _____ | endosymbiont, host |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate by a splitting process that is very similar to | Bacteria |
| In terms of _____, _____, _____, the ribosomes of mitochondria and plastids are more similar to bacterial ribosomes than they are to cytoplasmic ribosomes of eukaryotic cells. | size, sensitivity to certain antibiotics, RNA sequences |
| Several lines of evidence suggest that chloroplast likely evolved from | Cyanobacteria |
| Several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria likely evolved from | Alpha proteobacteria |
| Organisms such as chlorarachniophytes contain a nucleomorph, a tiny vestigial nucleus. Its presence supports ____. | secondary endosymbiosis |
| In the serial endosymbiosis model, the first symbiont would be a(n) ____. | alpha proteobacteria |
| ____ May cause "red tide", blooms of these organisms containing toxins that may be fatal to humans | Dinoflagellates |
| This group of parasites spread through their host as tiny infectious cells called sporozoites | Apicomplexans |
| This term describes photosynthetic plankton including photosynthetic bacteria as well as algae. | Phytoplankton |
| The causative agent of malaria is ___ | Plasmodium |
| The causative agent of sudden oak death is ____ | Phytophthora ramorum |
| Massive fish kills have been attributed to ____ | Pfiesteria shumwayae |
| Some members of this group of protists are found as photosynthetic symbionts with coral polyps. | Dinoflagellates |
| In aquatic ecosystems, protists are major primary producers. Their abundance is held in check by low concentrations of ___,___, or ___ . | Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron |
| This symbiont lives in the gut of termites and enables the hosts to digest wood | A parabasalid hypermastigote |
| Scientists estimate that ___% of the world's photosynthesis is performed by diatoms, dinoflagellates and other aquatic protists. | Thirty |
Created by:
Brookelol