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Respiratory System!!
Medical Terminology Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adenoids | Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils |
| alveolus (plural: alveoli) | Air sac in the lung |
| apex of the lung | Tip or uppermost portion of the lung |
| Base of the lung | The lower portion of the lung |
| Bronchioles | The smallest branches of the bronchi |
| Bronchus (plural: bronchi) | The branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube |
| carbon dioxide (CO2 ) | Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs |
| cilia | Thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract |
| diaphragm | Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lungs; relaxes to push air out |
| epiglottis | Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx; keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing |
| Expiration | Breathing out (exhalation) |
| Glottis | Slit-like opening to the larynx |
| Hilum (of lung) | Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs |
| Inspiration | Breathing in (inhalation) |
| larynx | Voice box; contains the vocal cords |
| Lobe | Division of a lung |
| Mediastinum | The region between lungs in the chest cavity; contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes |
| nares | Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities |
| Oxygen (O2) | Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells |
| Palatine tonsil | One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx |
| Paranasal sinuses | Four paired air-filled spaces in the bones of the skull surrounding the nasal cavity |
| Parietal pleura | Outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall |
| Pharynx | The throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Pleura | Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung |
| Pleural cavity | Space between the folds of the pleura |
| Pulmonary parenchyma | Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli |
| Respiration | The process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing |
| Trachea | Windpipe |
| Visceral pleura | Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| alveol/o | alveolus, air sac |
| bronch/o | bronchial tube |
| bronchi/o | bronchus |
| bronchiol/o | bronchiole, small bronchus |
| capn/o | carbon dioxide |
| coni/o | dust |
| cyan/o | blue |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| laryng/o | larynx, voice box |
| lob/o | lobe of the lung |
| mediastin/o | mediastinum |
| nas/o | nose |
| orth/o | straight, upright |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| pector/o | chest |
| pharyng/o | pharynx, throat |
| phon/o | voice |
| phren/o | diaphragm |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pneum/o | air, lung |
| pneumon/o | Lung |
| pulmon/o | Lung |
| rhin/o | nose |
| sinus/o | sinus cavity |
| spir/o | breathing |
| tel/o | complete |
| thorac/o | chest |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| trache/o | trachea, windpipe |
| -ema | condition |
| -osmia | smell |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| -sphyxia | pulse |
| -thorax | pleural cavity, chest |
| Bronch, Bronchoscopy | fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions |
| Thoracentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space |
| Tracheostomy | surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck |
| ABGs, Arterial blood gases | |
| AFB, Acid-fast bacillus | the type of organism that causes tuberculosis |
| ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome | severe, sudden lung injury caused by acute illness |
| BAL, Bronchoalveolar lavage | bronchial washing, fluid is injected and withdrawn. |
| CF, Cystic fibrosis | inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally. |
| CPAP, Continuous positive airway pressure | Gentle ventilatory support used to keep airways open. |
| CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Think CAB) | Three basic steps. CAB. Circulation restored by external cardiac compression. Airway opened by tilting head. Breathing restored by mouth-to-mouth. |
| C&S, Culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum) | what it sounds like |
| CTPA, Computed tomography pulmonary angiography | combination of CT scanning and angiography. Useful to examine pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism. |
| CXR, Chest x-ray (film) | radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film) |
| DLCO, Diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide | measures how effectively gases transfer from the lungs into the bloodstream, providing critical insights into lung function and health. |
| DOE, Dyspnea on exertion | short of breath |
| DPT, Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus | Toxoids, for vaccination of infants, to provide immunity to these diseases |
| FEV1, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second | expiratory flow rate |
| FVC, Forced vital capacity | Amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after full inspiration |
| ICU | Intensive Care Unit |
| LLL | Left lower lobe (of lung) |
| LUL | Left upper lobe (of lung |
| MAC, Mycobacterium avium complex | the cause of a noncontagious lung infection related to tuberculosis |
| MDI, Metered-dose inhaler | used to deliver aerosolized medications to patients. |
| PAco2, Carbon dioxide partial pressure | measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. |
| PAo2, Oxygen partial pressure | measure of the amount of Oxygen in arterial blood. |
| PCP, Pneumocystis pneumonia | a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosuppression. |
| PE, Pulmonary embolism | clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung |
| PEP, Positive expiratory pressure | mechanical ventilator strategy in which the patient takes a deep breath and then exhales through a device that resists airflow (helps refill underventilated areas of the lung) |
| PEEP, Positive end-expiratory pressure | common mechanical ventilator setting in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure |
| PFTs, Pulmonary function tests | Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs; airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently |
| PND, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | abnormal, shortness of breath. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea may be experienced by patients with congestive heart failure, when they recline in bed. |
| PPD, Purified protein derivative | applied with multiple punctures of the skin. For the Line test and Mantoux Test |
| RDS, Respiratory distress syndrome | in the newborn-infant; marked by dyspnea and cyanosis and related to absence of surfactant (lubrication substance that permits normal expansion of lungs); AKA hyaline membrane disease |
| RLL | Right lower lobe (of lung |
| RML | Right middle lobe |
| RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus | common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and the common cold, especially in children. |
| RUL | Right upper lobe (of lung) |
| RV, Residual volume | amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal expiration |
| SABA, Short-acting beta agonist | for relief of asthma symptoms |
| SCLC, Small cell lung cancer | Small round cells "oat" cells found in pulmonary epithelium |
| SOB | Shortness of breath |
| TB, Tuberculosis | infectious desease caused by mycobacterium tubercolosis; lungs usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected. |
| TLC, Total lung capacity | volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal respiration equals VC (Vital Capacity) + RV (Residual Volume) |
| URI, Upper respiratory infection | respiratory infection in the upper areas? |
| Vt, Tidal volume | amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation |
| VATS, Video-assisted thoracic surgery | thoracoscopy with a video |
| VC, Vital capacity | the maximum volume of air expelled from the lung after taking the deepest breath possible |
| V/Q, scan Ventilation-perfusion scan | Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after intravenous injection of a radioisotope and inhalation of a small amount of radioactive gas (xenon) |
| empyema | collection of pus in the pleural cavity |
| bronchopleural fistula | abnormal connection between the bronchial tube and the pleural cavity. Occurring as a result of lung disease or surgical complication, this can cause an air leak into the pleural space. |
| bronchiolitis | acute viral infection in infants younger than 18 months of age. |
| cyanosis | Caused by deficient levels of O2 in blood |
| Four different types of pulmonary resections | Wedge Resection, Segmental Resection, Lobectomy, and Pneumectomy |
| Wedge resection | Wedge without bronchiol near surface of lung. |
| Segmental Resection | removal of a bronchiole and its alveoli. |
| Lobectomy | removal of entire lobe of lung |
| Pneumectomy | Complete removal of an entire lung |
| mediastinoscopy location | endoscope inserted through incision in the chest |
| frontal sinuses location | above eyebrows |
| ethmoid air cells location | ethmoid bone |
| Sphenoid sinus location | line up two spots on nose bridge with two spots on the temple, the intersecting lines are where the sphenoid sinuses are. |
| Maxillary Sinus location | On either side of nose under eyes |
| orthopnea | an abnormal condition in which breathing (pnea) is easier in the upright. Major cause is congestive heart failure. Physicians assess the degree of orthopnea by the number of pillows a patient requires to be comfortable. One pillow orthopnea, 3, 2, etc. |
| hypoxia | low levels of O2, can lead to cyanosis. |
| expectoration | clearing of secretions from airway by coughing or spitting. This sputum can contain mucus, blood, cellular debris, pus, and microorganisms. |
| dysphonia | hoarseness or other voice impairment. |
| stroboscopy | examination of vibrating (strob/o) vocal cords as the patient is producing sound. |
| phrenic nerve | the motor nerve to the diaphragm. |
| pleurodynia | The intercostal muscles or pleura are inflamed, causing pain during breathing |
| pleural effusion | abnormal accumulation of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or into tissue space. |
| Pneumothorax | Collection of air in the pleural space. Because of a hole in the lung, air accumulates in the pleural cavity, between the layers of the pleura |
| atelectasis | collapsed lung, incomplete expansion of a lung. May occur after surgery when a patient experiences pain and does not take deep breaths, preventing full expansion of the lungs. |
| rhinoplasty | surgical repair of the nose |
| rhinorrhea | commonly known as a runny nose |
| spirometer | measures lung function, volume and speed of air inhaled and exhaled. |
| Two forms of atelectasis | 1. Bronchial obstruction: obstructs the distal airways from getting O2, and alveoli collapse 2. Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air withing the pleural cavity collapse the lung. |
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Marked by rhythmic changes in the depth of breathing (rapid breathing and then absence of breathing). The pattern occurs every 45 seconds to 3 minutes. The cause may be heart failure or brain damage, both of which affect the respiratory center in brain |
| tel/o | complete |
| tonsillectomy | Oropharyngeal (Palatine) Tonsils are removed. |
| Tracheal Stenosis | Injury to the trachea from trauma, a burn, or serious infection can cause scarring and contraction that obstructs the flow of air. Having an endotracheal tube in place for a prolonged period may lead to tracheal injury of the formation of scar tissue |
| -osmia | smell |
| anosmia | no smell |
| sleep apnea | sudden cessation of breathing during sleep. It can result in hypoxia, leading to cognitive impairment, hypertension, and arrhthmias. |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | involves narrowing or occlusion in the upper airway. |
| hyperpnea | an increase in the depth of breathing, occurring normally with exercise and abnormally with any condition in which the supply of O2 is inadequate. |
| dyspnea | abnormal, shortness of breath. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea may be experienced by patients with congestive heart failure, when they recline in bed. |
| tachypnea | excessively rapid and shallow breathing, hyperventilation. |
| hemoptysis | blood is coughed up from the bronchial tubes and lungs; occurs with bronchitis or pneumonia, but also with tuberculosis, cancer, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary embolism. |
| asphyxia | literally meaning lack of pulse, is severe hypoxia leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of consciousness, and death. |
| pyothorax | pus, empyema of the chest |
| auscultation | listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope. |
| percussion | Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure. if lungs are filled with fluid, |
| pleural rub (AKA) Friction Rub | scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other. caused by roughened and thickened pleura |
| rales (crackles) | Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli. |
| rhonchi (singular, Rhonchus) | loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum. |
| sputum | Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting (ptysis) |
| purulent sputum | sputum containing pus |
| stridor | strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx |
| wheezes | continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing. |
| croup | acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor. Caused by influenza or RSV |
| diphtheria | acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium. (corynebacterium) |
| epistaxis | nosebleed |
| pertussis (think cops, "whoop whoop") | whooping cough: highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, caused by Bordetella Pertussis |
| asthma | Chronic inflammatory disorder with airways obstruction due to bronchial and bronchiolar edema and constriction. |
| albuterol inhaler is an example of a | bronchodilator |
| bronchiectasis | Chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection |
| palliative | noncurative, but symptom relieving |
| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (COPD) |
| emphysema | hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls. One of the forms of COPD |
| COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis, persistent obstruction of airway through bronchial tubes and lungs |
| Lung cancer | Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi |
| NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer | not small spots? |
| Pneumoconiosis | Abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts; with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis |
| 3 types of dust in Pneumoconiosis | Anthracosis (coal) Asbestosis (asbestos) Silicosis (silica or glass) |
| pneumonia | acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction. |
| exudate | fluid, blood, cells, disease that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation. |
| infiltrate | fluid filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan |
| Lobar pneumonia | involves a lobe of the lung |
| bronchopneumonia | limited form of infection that produces patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma. |
| Community-acquired pneumonia | results of a contagious respiratory infection, caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria |
| hospital-acquired pneumonia AKA nosocomial pneumonia | acquired during hospitalization, such as on mechanical ventilation |
| aspiration pneumonia | caused by material, such as food or vomitous, lodging in bronchi or lungs. A danger in the elderly, Alzheimer patients, stroke victims, and those with esophageal reflux and feeding tubes. |
| Pulmonary Abscess | large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs |
| Pulmonary Edema | Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles |
| pulmonary infarction | dead (necrotic) tissue |
| pulmonary fibrosis | formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs |
| sarcoidosis | chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. Cause unknown. |
| bacilli | rod shaped bacterium that invade during tubercolosis |
| mesothelioma | rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura |
| pleural effusion, exudates | fluid from tumors and infections |
| pleural effusion, transudates | fluid from congestive heart failure or cirrhosis |
| pleurisy (pleuritis) | inflammation of the pleura |
| pleurodesis | -desis means to bind, used to treat pneumothorax |
| cor pulmonale | failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease. |
| oxysm/o | sudden |
| positron emission tomography (PET scan) of the lung | Radioactive glucose is injected, and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs |
| endobronchial ultrasound, EBUS | performed during bronchoscopy to diagnose and stage lung cancer. EBUS-guided biopsy allows for a sampling. |
| endotracheal intubation | placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, to establish airway. Allows patient to be on mechanical ventilator |
| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the voice box |
| lung biopsy | removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination |
| mediastinoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum |
| obstructive lung disease | just what it sounds like, harder to breathe from narrowed airways |
| restrictive lung disease | expansion of lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself. Hallmarked by a decreased total lung capacity |
| Thoracotomy | large surgical incision of chest, cutting into bone, muscle, and cartilage |
| thoracoscopy (thorascopy) | Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope. with a video is called VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery |
| tuberculin test | determines past or present tuberculous exposure based on a positive skin reaction. Examples are a Heaf test and the line test, and the Mantoux test |
| Heaf test and the line test | using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with multiple punctures of the skin. |
| Mantoux Test | Using PPD, Purified Protein Derivative given by intraepidermal injection. |
| Tube thoracostomy | Flexible plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest. Used to remove air, fluid, blood, or pus. |
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