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Microbio L12

QuestionAnswer
Adaptive immunity Last line of defense
Critical cells are lymphocytes
lymphocytes Part of leukocytes B cells (and subtypes) T cells (and subtypes) Capacity to recognize almost any antigen
Antigens Pieces of ANYTHING Host, pathogen, commensal, environmental
Are antigens bad? Yes but also can be good or whatever
Immunogenicity ability to induce an immune response Protein antigens elicit strongest immune response
Haptens tiny incomplete antigens
Epitope piece of antigen that is “scanned”
Adaptive immune function (3) 1. Identify dangerous antigens 2. Eliminate danger 3. Create memory
Humoral immunity B-cell mediated Outside cells (bactiera)
Cellular immunity T-cell mediated Inside cells (viruses)
Lymphocyte receptors Undergo genetic “trickery” to create huge diversity - Capacity to recognize any antigen!
Each lymphocyte has receptors specific for only a single epitope!!
Self-tolerance testing Don't want cells to react to self-protein So test all lymphocytes against all self proteins during development And kill the self-reactive cells
Cytotoxic T cells CD8 Kill infected cells
Helper T cells CD4 Coordinate other immune cells
Memory T cells Can be either type Long lived Faster and stronger response upon reinfection
Helper T cell subtypes Th1 Th2 Treg
Th1 Coordinate killer T cells
Th2 Coordinate B cells
Treg Shut off immunity
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Like a uniform Holds antigens for T-cells to scan Antigen presentation Different types of MHC antigens in different locations Need different tools to remove
Class 1 MHC: presents internal antigens On almost all cells Communicates to cytotoxic T cells
Class 2 MHC: presents external antigens Only on antigen presenting cells (APCs) Communicates to helper T cells
ACPs include (3) 1. Macrophages 2. Dendritic cells 3. B cells
4 Steps of Cellular Response 1. Antigen Presentation 2. Activation 3. Differentiation and Proliferation 4. Effector Function
Step 1 of Cellular Response Antigen presentation! APC presents antigens, then travels to the lymph node
Step 2 of Cellular Response Activation! If a T cells binds a matching antigen on an APC, it receives signals to activate Superantigens: bacterial toxins that mess this up • Activate T cells without proper antigen presentation
Step 3 of Cellular Response Differentiation and Proliferation! T cells make lots of clonal copies Differentiate into helper subtypes and memory subtypes Determined by cytokines from APC
Step 4 of Cellular Response Effector Function Cytotoxic cells circulate, looking for matching antigen When found, kill that cell!
Perforin is poke holes
Grazymes is induce death
4 Steps of Humoral Response 1. Antigen Presentation 2. Activation 3. Proliferation and Differentiation 4. Effector Function
Step 1 of Humoral Response Antigen presentation! B cells directly interact with external antigens with BCR Internalize antigen, present on MHC II
Step 2 of Humoral Response Activation! B cell is activated, either: By a helper T cell recognizing antigen and MHC 2 By a large antigen with many identical epitopes
Step 3 of Humoral Response Proliferation and Differentiation! B cells make lots of clonal copies Become either: Plasma cells: make TONS of antibodies Memory B cells: long lived, faster secondary response
Step 4 of Humoral Response Effector Function! Plasma cells secrete tons and tons of antibodies • Soluble B cell receptor • Y-shaped • Also called immunoglobulins (Igs)
Antibody Functions (3) 1. Neutralization 2. Activate complement (bringing in complements) 3. Osponization (Making the food more tasty, easier job for phagocytes)
Secondary (Memory) Response Faster, stronger Long-lived memory cells much easier to activate and proliferate Immunity
Immunity Natural and artificial immunity have the same outcomes!
Active immunity capacity to make your own immune response
Passive Immunity borrowing someone else’s immune response (mother to baby)
Created by: liladdoyle
 

 



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