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EP week 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are respiratory muscles used for? | Inspiration and expiration |
| Is expiration active at PA or rest? | PA |
| Where are the 'respiratory muscles' located? | Pons and Medulla |
| What sensory input is important during exercise? | Propioceptors |
| What sensory input is a major input at rest? | Chemoreceptors |
| Where is most breathing controlled from? | Brainstem |
| Why is adrenaline a hormonal influence? | Important bronchodilator |
| What is VE equal to? (in litres) | 6L/min |
| How do you find VE? | TV x frequency of breathing |
| What is TV equal to? (in breaths) | 500ml/breath |
| T OR F: Capacities are combinations of volumes? | True |
| What happens to TV and breathing rate in response to exercises | Increases |
| How fast does VE decrease after exercise | Immediately |
| Do large increases in VE happen in large muscle dynamic or isometric activities? | Dynamic |
| In high intensity exercise, does VE increase more than V02? | Yeh j |
| What is the ventilatory anaerobic threshold? | Point where VE increases more than V02 |
| What is anaerobic threshold typically associated with? | onset of blood lactate accumulation |
| What is acid buffering? | Respiratory adjustments used for acid-base balance |
| What is a main benefit of breathing? | Aid provision of oxygen |
| What is the main energy cost in high intensity exercise? | Frequency of breathing |
| What is the main energy cost in mod intensity exercise | TV-with a little increase in frequency |
| What is the energy cost of VE at rest? | Low |
| How easy is breathing in healthy people up to mod inensity? | Effortless |
| What increases in a "second wind"? | Increase in surfactant secretion |
| How much of MVV does a healthy person use at v02 max? | 60-85% |
| T OR F: Younger people have substantial energy reserve? | True |
| T OR F: Ventilation heavily limits endurance performance? | False |
| What change is there in static lung volume in endurance exercise? | Little to none |
| What happens to VE at submaximal workload? | Decreases |
| What happens to static lung volume after swimming? | Increases in size |
| How do respiratory illnesses impact on work of breathing? | Decreases tidal volume and increases frequency of breathing |
| What is a result of progressive deconditioning? | Reduced respiratory muscle performance? |
| What is an effective form of exercise with respiratory illnesses? | Interval training |
| How does exercising decrease dypsnea? | increases efficiency of breathing and reduces TV |
| What test is good for respiratory illnesses? | 6MWT |
| T OR F: Benefits vary with program duration? | True |
| Does all respiratory illnesses patients benefit with low intensity exercise? | No |
| What are respiratory abnormalities typically a result of? | CV dysfunction |
| What is a common feature of obstructive disorders? | Lung Parenchyma (ventilation mismatch) |
| What are 2 major obstructive disorders? | Ashthma and Cystic Fibrosis |
| What are the conventions of airflow? | Inspiration-downward expiration - upward |
| What is the typical formula of FEV1? | FEV1/FVC > 80% normal |
| What are some triggers of asthma? | Exercise, RTI's |
| How long should a asthma exercise test run for? | 8-12 mins |
| What should you assess in a asthma test? | exercise-induced bronchospasm |
| What intensity should asthma patients exercise at? | Mod to High - 60-90% HRmax |
| How often should asthma patients exercise? | 3-5 times per week |
| When shouldn't you exercise with asthma? | During respiratory infection and acute exacerbation |
| What medication should you take prior to exercise to reduce bronchospasm? | Pre-exercise B 2 -agonist or leukotriene antagonist |
| How long should a warm up be to reduce bronchospasms? | 15 minutes |
| What are 3 reasons swimming is good for asthma? | Humidified air • Reasonable air temperature Structure to breathing pattern |
| What is the main risk of a temperature over 40 c? | Denatured proteins |
| Main risk of temperature 27 c or under? | Increased risk of cardiac arrest |
| Which process of heat transfer is heat loss only? | Evaporation |
| Which heat transfer processes involve water? | Conduction, Convection |
| What are the bodily sources of heat gain? | Resting metabolism, PA |
| What does heat transfer direction depend on? | temperature gradient |
| Heat transfer in the human body always occurs: | from high to low |
| Individuals with a high surface area-to-mass ratio will: | lose heat more quickly |
| Heat transfer occurs more rapidly in water than in air because: | Water is a better conductor of heat |
| Where is thermoregulation regulated? | in the hypothalamus |
| Peripheral temperature receptors are mainly found in the: | Skin |
| The primary physiological response to cold exposure is: | Reduced blood flow |
| Where does most heat loss occur? | Head, hands and feet |
| What is shivering? | Involuntary muscle activity |
| What main hormones are secreted in response to cold? | Thyroid, noradrenaline |
| Cold acclimatisation leads to an increase in: | Non-shivering heat production |
| When acclimatised to cold, shivering occurs at: | Lower body temp |
| What happens to blood flow in response to heat? | Increases |
| What happens to thyroid hormone levels in the heat? | Decrease |
| Which hormones increase to help maintain fluid balance during heat exposure? | ADH and aldosterone |
| What does sympathetic nervous system mediate? | Alterations in blood flow with heat and cold |
| In cold conditions, the SNS causes: | Vasoconstriction of blood vessels |
| In hot conditions the SNS causes: | Vasodilation of blood vessels |
| What type of exercise does moderate cold temps enhance | Long duration |
| During exercise in cold environments, blood flow is preferentially directed to: | Skeletal muscle |
| T OR F: Heat loss is quicker in water | True |
| During exercise in the heat, there is competition for blood flow between: | Skeletal muscle and skin |
| When exercise intensity is high, blood flow is prioritised to: | muscle |
| High humidity impairs cooling because it reduces: | evaporation |
| What is the heat stress index? | interaction between ambient temperature & relative humidity |
| When does heat acclimitisation occur? | 1 week in exposure from heat |
| In heat acclimatization, body temperature: | Lowers |
| What increases with | Increased blood volume (increased ADH) – Improved skin blood flow (redistribution of blood flow) |
| Benefits of heat acclimatisation are typically lost after: | 2-3 weeks |
| As heart rate increases, heat stress: | increases |
| Heat load increases with, | intensity and duration of exercise |
| What may higher blood volume to? | Higher skin blood flow |
| In humidity, do you lose more fluid or heat? | Fluid |
| What can electrolytes help with? | Rapid rehydration |
| Fluid intake should exceed fluid loss by: | 25% |
| Padding and headgear do what to heat loss? | Decrease |
| What does carrying a load do? | Increase heat load |
| Who has largest surface area to body mass? | Children |
| T OR F: A larger surface area to body mass favours heat loss | True |
| Who has slowest sweat response? | Children |
| Why do older adults have impaired thermoregulation? | Slower onset of sweating |
| Is there a massive difference in thermoregulatory capacity in males and females? | No |
| out of men and women, who sweats less and relies less on evaporative cooling? | Women |
| T OR F: Men have larger surface area to mass | True |
| Increased body fat affects heat loss by: | Decreasing heat loss |
| Body fat acts primarily as a: | Insulator |
| A lower surface area-to-mass ratio will: | Decreases heat loss |
| Heat cramps are best described as: | Involuntary muscle spasms |
| Heat cramps are most likely caused by: | Electrolyte imbalances |
| Heat exhaustion is most common in individuals who are: | Suddenly exposed to heat and unacclimatised |
| What is a key cause of heat exhaustion? | Vasodilation and inadequate blood volume |
| In heat stroke, what is the body's core temperature? | >40.5 c |
| A cause of heat stroke is: | Absence in sweat |
| What are some medical conditions that risk increases of heat illness? | Recent vomiting or diarrhoea (dehydration) – Recent fever – Cystic fibrosis |
Created by:
oncetherewasareg