Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Period 3 (1750-1900)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Ruled France during French rev after the First French Republic, had Napoleonic Code to spread rev ideals+modernize, expanded France through Napoleonic Wars |
| Reign of Terror | period of execution during French Rev of ppl against Enlightenment ideas led by the Committee of Public Safety |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | French Revolution document declaring that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights" |
| Bastille | Prison in France where ppl were arrested without trial (tyranny) |
| bourgeoisie | commoners, owned means of production during capitalism |
| Estates General | representative assembly in France, allowed upper class to outvote lowest class (bourgeoisie) which was 97% of the pop |
| The French Revolution | ended the rule of Louis XVI, inspired by American rev, caused by unfair Estates General |
| Declaration of Independence | document where 13 colonies announced their separation from Great Britain and explained their reasons, inspired by Locke |
| Theodor Herzl | Founded Zionist movement |
| Zionism | belief that Jewish people have a right to self-determination and a homeland (Palestein) |
| Abolitionism | movement aimed at ending slavery and the slave trade |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | applied Enlightenment principles of reason, liberty, and individualism to women's status |
| Feminism | gender equality, challenging patriarchal structures |
| Classical liberalism | enlightenment ideology: limited government, individual rights (life, liberty, property), and free-market capitalism |
| Robert Owen | founded utopian socialism movement |
| Utopian socialists | Movement supporting socialism |
| Socialism | political +economic ideology of a group of ppl owning the means of production, reduce the inequalities of capitalism |
| Conservatism | ideology favoring tradition and social stability over rapid change/revolution |
| Capitalism | private ownership of the means of production, driven by market competition and exchange |
| laissez-faire | Self regulating markets, reduced gov interaction w economy |
| Adam Smith | Father of laissez-faire capitalism, against mercantilism |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Believed that who said that ppl should have a say in making laws (consent of the governed) |
| Voltaire | Believed in freedom of speech+religion |
| Baron Montesquieu | Believed in 3 branches of gov (judicial, legislative, executive) = checks+balances, separation of powers |
| Philosophes | Enlightenment intellectuals who favored reason, individualism, scientific thought over traditional authority |
| Social contract | individuals voluntarily surrender some natural freedoms to a government in exchange for the protection |
| John Locke | Everyone is born with natural rights (life, liberty, property) and it should be protected by the gov |
| Thomas Hobbes | didn't believe people deserved enlightenment rights |
| Nationalism | belief that one’s own country, culture, or nation is superior |
| Enlightenment | Philosophers applied natural laws to society and government to bring about change |
| The Haitian Revolution | first successful slave revolt in Caribbean against France, inspired by French rev |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | former slave who led Haitian rev |
| Simon Bolivar | Creole who led Latin-American revolutions against Spanish rule to empower creoles, sought help from British rule in Jamacia (wrote Jamacia letter) |
| “Jamaica Letter” | written to British colonial rule in Jamacia justify leadership and the independence cause while seeking foreign support (got support) |
| Propaganda Movement | movement in Phillippines seeking equality rather than independence from Spanish colonial rule, Spain ignored |
| Congress of Vienna | ruled France after Napoleon, aiming to restore monarchy and a balance of power in Europe |
| Italian Unification | Nationalist movement that unified the Italian Peninsula from city-states to 1 nation |
| Count Cavour | Led Italian Unification |
| Realpolitik | political philosophy that prioritized national interests over ideology, unified Geramany+Italy |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist who led Italian Unification |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian general who expanded Italy |
| German Unification | merging independent German states into a single nation-state |
| Otto von Bismarck | led German-unification |
| Three Wars of Unification | establish a unified German Empire by removing influence of other nations over German territory |
| Balkan Nationalism | movement driven by ethnic groups to get independence from Ottoman Emp |
| Ottomanism | ideology promoting a unified identity for all citizens across the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire |
| Industrial Revolution | transition from handmade to machine-driven manufacturing |
| Agricultural Revolution (18th century) | shift commercial farming (farming to sleep crops in markets), crop-rotation, seed drill,= increased pop=more ppl to work in factories |
| Seed drill | mechanically planted seeds, part of agricultural rev |
| Cottage industry | manufacturing textiles in homes to sell in markets, part of agricultural rev |
| Spinning jenny | accelerated textile production, shifting manufacturing from homes to factories |
| Water frame | water-powered spinning machine that revolutionized textile production |
| Interchangeable parts | identical parts that allowed for faster assembly, easier repairs, and lower production costs |
| Enclosure Movement | Britain closed off lands to wealthy landowners+aristocracy, made less farmers= more ppl to work in factories |
| Manchester and Liverpool | English cities/urban centers, poor working/living conditions |
| Steam engine | engine powered by coal, shift from water/animal power to fossil fuels |
| James Watt | created steam engine |
| Coaling stations | refueling points on trade routes (ships) |
| Second Industrial Revolution | steel, chemicals, precision machinery |
| Transcontinental Railroad | RR across US, linked Atlantic+Pacific (California) coasts |
| Tenements | cramped, low-rise, and unsanitary apartment buildings where working class lived |
| Slums | densely populated, urban settlements with poor living conditions |
| Working class (blue-collar) | worked in factories and mines, low class |
| White-collar | managers, accountants, and clerks (not manual labor), middle class |
| Mass production | goods were cheaper+more accessible |
| Labor unions | response to harsh industrial factory conditions, wanted higher wages, shorter hrs, safer working spaces |
| Suffrage | right to vote, women wanted suffrage=protests+campaigns driven by Enlightenment ideals |
| Factory Act of 1833 | British law limiting child labor in textile mills to improve working conditions |
| John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism | John Stuart Mill- British philosopher who promoted social reforms+free speech, Utilitarianism- best action makes largest number of people happy |
| Karl Marx | founded Marxism, believed history is a struggle between the working class and the owning class |
| Friedrich Engels | founded Marxism with Karl Marx |
| Communist Manifesto | political document analyzing class struggle and the flaws of capitalism |
| Proletariat | working class |
| Means of production | instruments of labor (machines, tools, factories) and subjects of labor (raw materials) |
| Communism | far left, political social, and economic ideology that establishes a classless society, public ownership of the means of production |
| Trans-Siberian Railroad | railway linking Moscow to the Pacific, industrialization project in Imperial Russia |
| Company rule | BEIC went from trading entity to a sovereign political power in India |
| Muhammad Ali | Ottoman military leader who modernized+expanded Egypt |
| Commodore Matthew | US Navy Officer, sail ships into Japan ending their period of isolation, forced them to opened ports for trade, led to Japan industrializing |
| Meiji Restoration | political and social revolution in Japan that ended Tokugawa Shogunate, restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji, and rapidly modernized/industrialized |
| Zaibatsu | Japanese family business organizations during Meiji Restoration= facilitate industrialization |
| Mahmud II and Tanzimat | Mahmud II- modernized the Ottoman Empire, got rid of janasarries, Tanzimat- reforms in Ottoman to modernize |
| Young Turks | nationalist reform party in the declining Ottoman Empire, wanted to modernize |
| Self-Strengthening Movement | Qing Dynasty initiative to modernize China’s military and economy (failed- went into century of Humiliation after), adopt Western technology, and resist imperialism |
| Emperor Gaungxu | Emperor of Qing during Self-Strengthening Movement |
| Empress Dowager Cixi | Ruler Qing after Gaungxu, supported industrialization, managed rebellions |
| Old Imperialism vs. New Imperialism | old- coastal trading posts in Africa/Asia, colonization of the Americas, mercantilism, "3 Gs", new- industrial control over vast interior regions of Africa/Asia for natural resources, driven by capitalism |
| Social Darwinism | "survival of the fittest" theory to human societies, arguing that white European nations were superior |
| “White Man’s Burden” | white Europeans and Americans had a moral obligation to "civilize" non-white populations, justified imperialism |
| Protectorate | indirect colonial rule- weaker state/territory has its local gov but surrenders control over foreign affairs, defense, and key economic matters to imperial state |
| Sphere of influence | regions where an external power has control without direct colonization |
| Dr. Livingstone | European explorer in Africa, spread Christianity, wrote abt brutal slave trade=helped fuel the anti-slavery movement |
| Leopold II | Belgian king, had control over Congo (colony in central Africa- rubber), brutal ruler (cut off ppls hands) |
| Scramble for Africa | division and colonization of African territory by European powers for raw materials |
| Berlin Conference | European powers who controlled Africa during Scramble for Africa met to negotiate rules to avoid war (initiated Scramble for Africa) |
| Suez Canal | Waterway in Egypt, connects Mediterranean+Red seas, between Asia+Africa, reduced travel time between Asia+Europe, controlled by Britain |
| Corvee laborers | unpaid laborers of the state who worked as form of tax |
| British West Africa | along gold coast, coastal trading posts, wanted raw materials |
| Settler colony | foreign ppl migrate to new land for a new home, type of colonialism, no economic intentions |
| Cape Colony | VOC's maritime refueling station on the southern tip of Africa |
| Boer Wars | British vs Boyer republics (S Africa=gold+diamonds) for independence, failed |
| Congo Free State | Central African state under rule of Leopold ii (free= not directly under rule of Belgium), forced labor to extract rubber and ivory |
| Pan-Africanism | political and cultural movement promoting unity and self-determination among Africans |
| Sokoto Caliphate | Islamic W African state, not controlled by imperial power, had capitalist eco |
| Xhosa Cattle Killing | anti-colonial movement in S Africa, sacrifise cattle=ancestors will rise and kick out British, caused famine=weak=British control |
| Zulu Kingdom and Anglo-Zulu-War (Zulu Rebellion) | S African state, Zulu ppl rebeled against British for independence, failed |
| Samory Toure’s War | Wassoulou resistance against French colonial expansion in West Africa |
| Mahdist Rebellion | Sudanese (Islamic) rebelled against Yaa Asantewaa War |
| Yaa Asantewaa War | Ashanti Emp against Yaa Asantewaa War |
| Battle of Adwa | Ethiopians resisted Italian imperialism |
| Opium War | Qing vs Britain+France, China resisted BEIC bringing opium from India into China to sell in China for silver for goods, Britain won |
| Treaty of Nanjing | Unequal treaty that ended Opium war, forced China to open 5 ports, broke Canton sys |
| extraterritoriality | foreigners in a host country are subjected only to the laws of their native nation, westerners in China |
| Taiping Rebellion | civil war in Qing China to overthrow the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty |
| Boxer Rebellion | uprising in China to expel Christians and foreigners, Boxers failed |
| Second Opium War and Treaty of Tientsin | 2nd OW- Britain+France wanted to expand ports+fully legalize opium trade, Treaty- ended war, forced Qing to open more ports+gully legalize opium trade |
| Economic Imperialism | indirect control where industrialized nations exploited non-industrialized regions for raw materials, markets, and labor |
| “Banana Republics” | Latin American nations whose ecos were dominated by bananas for export and controlled by foreign corporations |
| Indochina | SE Asian region- rubber, rice, minerals (Indian+Chinese culture), governed by France, later gained independence |
| Malaya | E Asian British colony, invaded by Japan for rubber, Japan won and then took control |
| Siam | SE Asian country that westernized to avoid imperial powers |
| Culture system | Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia, required farmers to devote a portion of their land and labor to growing export crops, led to famine+resistance (connection to encomienda) |
| Trail of Tears | deadly relocation of Indigenous people from US to the west, result of Indian Removal Act |
| Monroe Doctrine | Declared Western Hem closed to European colonization |
| Manifest Destiny | American ideological belief that the U.S. was divinely ordained to expand westward |
| Spanish-American War | sparked by explosion of US naval ship (USS Maine), US supported Cuba's independence in Spain, US won ending Spain's colonial presence in the Americas and Pacific |
| Great Game | Britain vs Russia for supremacy in Asia |
| Nationalist movements in the Balkans | Ethnic ppl rise against Ottoman, sucessful |
| Cherokee Nation and Indian Removal Act | Cherokee Nation: land of Native Americans, IRA: forced NAs to travel west (Trail of Tears) |
| Ghost Dance | Spiritual dance around native Americans to remove white settlers, get back lands, and bring back deceased ancestors |
| Tupac Amaru II | indigenous leader in Peru, led uprising against Spanish, protested mit'a sys, unsuccessful (rebelled before spanish american war) |
| Philippine-American War | Filipinos rebelled against US control, US won and maintained control |
| Aboriginal | Indigenous peoples of Australia, resisted British colonization |
| Maori Wars | Maori ppl resisted British colonization (New Zealand), Britain won |
| Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny) | uprising against BEIC, resulted in taking control of India (British Raj), sepoys (Indian soldiers) offended by Britain using cows (sacred to Hindus)+pigs (sacred to Muslims) fat to grease riflels, though BEIC wanted to convert them to Christianity |
| British Raj | British imperial rule over India, result of Sepoy Mutiny |
| Indian National Congress | Nationalist movement that led India to independence from Britain, non-voilent |
| Corporations | business owned by large company, business owners weren't responsible for financial losses |
| Stockholders | ppl w partial ownership of a company |
| Monopoly | control of a business+elimination of all competition |
| Cecil Rhodes and De Beers Diamonds | Cecil Rhodes- founded De Beers Diamond, company had monopoly over diamonds in Africa |
| Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation | British bank in Hong Kong (China) to promoted European+Asian trade |
| Unilever Corporation | British+Dutch consumer goods (soap) |
| Consumerism | belief that excessive consumption of goods is good for the economy |
| Cash crops | grown for commercial value not for use of who grew them, grown by farmers under imperial rule |
| Guano | bat+Bird poop used as fertilizer in tropics |
| Export economies | mass export of raw materials to industrial nations |
| Apartheid | racial segregation against white minority called "National Party" in Africa, gave colored ppl rights and not whites to maintain minority |
| monocultures | growing 1 $ crop for global markets |
| Indentured servants | servant who signed a contract to work a certain # years |
| Penal Colonies | settlements used to isolate criminals from society |
| Diaspora | dispersion of group of ppl from homeland (Atlantic slave trade, Monroe doctrine) |
| Great Famine | Irish potatoes famine, caused migration, caused by mold in water, resented British for taking their crops |
| Ethnic enclaves | areas in foreign cities where migrants from same country settled to maintain culture (China town) |
| Gold Rush | migration to California bc gold was found |
| Mohandas Gandhi | leader of Indian National Congress, ended British colonial rule |
| Guyana; Trinidad and Tobago | Guyana: S America, Trinidad+Tobago: Caribean, transitioned from British colonial rule to Parliament democracies, export economies |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | Banned Chinese migration into US, blamed them for limited job opportunities |
| Chinatowns | Ethnic enclaves of Chinese immigrants |
| White Australia Policy | excluded non-Europeans immigrating to Australia for white superiority |
Created by:
Mia Ierano