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Unit-4
Role of Nucleic Acid
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell differentiation | the process of a less specialized cell becoming a more specialized cell type |
| Cell specialization | the process of a specialized cell becoming its final restricted cell type that performs specific functions in the body by turning certain genes on or off |
| Gel electrophoresis | a technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge |
| Gene expression | the mechanism of turning on or off of a gene to regulate the amount of a protein produced |
| Genetic engineering | a process that uses laboratory |
| Mutation | a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a molecular technology that amplifies small fragments of DNA which can be analyzed |
| Stem cell | a cell with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body |
| Bacterial transformation | the process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment |
| Chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein that carries genetic information |
| Cloning | the process of producing genetically identical copies of an organism or DNA sequence |
| CRISPR | a molecular tool used to edit genes precisely in living organisms |
| Deletion | a type of mutation where a segment of DNA is removed |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic instructions for living organisms |
| DNA fingerprinting | a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA |
| Environmental factor | an external influence that can affect gene expression or mutation |
| Frameshift mutation | a mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of DNA |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | an organism whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques |
| Insertion | a type of mutation where extra nucleotides are added into DNA |
| Inversion | a mutation in which a segment of DNA is reversed within the chromosome |
| Missense mutation | a mutation that changes a single nucleotide, resulting in a different amino acid in a protein |
| Molecular technology | techniques and tools used to study and manipulate DNA, RNA, and proteins |
| Nonsense mutation | a mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, terminating protein synthesis prematurely |
| Organism | any living individual capable of carrying out life processes |
| Point mutation | a mutation affecting a single nucleotide in DNA |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA molecules formed by combining DNA from different sources |
| Silent mutation | a mutation that changes a nucleotide but does not alter the resulting amino acid |
| Somatic | relating to body cells (not reproductive cells) |
| Substitution | a mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by another in DNA |
| Amino acids | A group of 20 different molecules that bond together to form proteins (polypeptide chains). |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | The molecule that stores genetic information and provides instructions for making proteins. |
| Nucleotide | The basic unit of nucleic acids, made of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. |
| Protein | A folded chain of amino acids that performs specific functions in the cell. |
| Protein synthesis | The process by which cells make proteins using DNA instructions (includes transcription and translation). |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | A molecule that helps convert genetic information from DNA into proteins. |
| Trait | A characteristic or feature of an organism determined by genes. |
| Transcription | The process of copying DNA into mRNA. |
| Translation | The process of reading mRNA to build a chain of amino acids (protein). |
| Adenine (A) | A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA). |
| Antiparallel | The opposite orientation of the two strands of DNA (one runs 5’→3’, the other 3’→5’). |
| Central dogma | The flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein. |
| Codon | A group of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. |
| Codon chart | A tool used to determine which amino acid corresponds to an mRNA codon. |
| Cytoplasm | The jelly-like fluid in the cell where translation occurs. |
| Cytosine (C) | A nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine. |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar found in DNA. |
| Elongation | The stage of protein synthesis where amino acids are added to a growing chain. |
| Genome | The complete set of DNA in an organism. |
| Guanine (G) | A nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine. |
| Initiation | The beginning stage of transcription or translation. |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome. |
| Nucleic acids | Biomolecules (DNA and RNA) that store and transmit genetic information. |
| Nucleus | The cell structure where DNA is stored and transcription occurs. |
| Peptide bond | The bond that links amino acids together. |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids that will fold into a protein. |
| Protein folding | The process by which a polypeptide chain forms its functional 3D shape. |
| Ribose | The sugar found in RNA. |
| Ribosome | The structure where proteins are made (site of translation). |
| rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | RNA that makes up part of the ribosome. |
| Synthesis | The process of building something complex from simpler parts. |
| Termination | The final stage of protein synthesis when the protein is complete. |
| Thymine (T) | A nitrogenous base found only in DNA; pairs with adenine. |
| tRNA (transfer RNA) | RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. |
| Uracil (U) | A nitrogenous base found in RNA; replaces thymine and pairs with adenine. |
Created by:
Poorani10