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chapter 17 test

QuestionAnswer
What is a scientific theory? A well‑tested explanation supported by evidence, not a guess or opinion.
What can cause scientific theories to change over time? New evidence.
On what ship did Darwin make his important observations? The H.M.S. Beagle.
What location was especially important to Darwin’s observations? The Galápagos Islands.
Which thinkers influenced Darwin? Malthus, Lyell, Hutton, and knowledge of artificial selection.
What is evolution? Change in populations over generations, not individuals.
What is natural selection? Organisms with the best traits survive and reproduce more.
What are the four conditions required for natural selection? Overproduction, variation, heritability, differential reproduction (fitness)
What is fitness? The ability to survive AND reproduce.
What is an adaptation? A heritable trait that increases survival or reproduction.
Give examples of adaptations. Camouflage, thick fur, long claws, migration behaviors.
What do fossils show? How ancient organisms compare to modern ones and how species change over time.
What does biogeography show? Species vary based on location; island species resemble mainland species with differences.
What are homologous structures? Same structure, different function — evidence of common ancestry.
What are analogous structures? Different structure, same function — evolved independently.
What are vestigial structures? Structures reduced in size or function; show evolutionary history (e.g., ostrich wings).
What does molecular evidence (DNA/RNA) show? Organisms share genes and proteins → proof of common descent.
What is artificial selection? Humans choose desired traits (e.g., dog breeds, farm crops).
What is natural selection? The environment selects which traits are beneficial.
How did the Galápagos finches demonstrate natural selection? Their beak shapes evolved based on different food sources.
What is the peppered moth example? Moth color changed depending on environmental conditions.
Why do bacteria become antibiotic‑resistant? Populations evolve resistance through selection, not individuals.
Grasshopper example — what happens over time? Better‑camouflaged individuals survive more; population color shifts.
Why don’t individuals evolve? Only populations change trait frequencies over generations.
What is mutation? The source of new variation in populations.
: Are mutations purposeful? No — they occur randomly.
Ancient vs modern species — what’s the relationship? Often similar but with differences; fossils show gradual change.
Bird wings vs insect wings? Analogous structures.
Why is DNA important evidence for evolution? It shows organisms share common ancestry.
What do vestigial structures show? That ancestors had fully functional versions of those structures.
What explains the unity and diversity of life? Evolution from a common ancestor + adaptations to different environments.
What does Darwin’s theory explain about the natural world? How species change and diversify through natural selection.
Which statement best explains how evolution accounts for both the unity and diversity of life on Earth? All living things share a common ancestor, and natural selection causes species to develop different adaptations in different environments.
What does Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explain about the natural world? It explains how species change over time, how new species arise, and why organisms are well‑suited to their environments.
Could artificial selection occur without inherited variation? Because humans must have different heritable traits to choose from in order to increase desirable traits across generations
Created by: user-1708959
 

 



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