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Anatomy Lecture
Exam three Chapter 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymphatic system | system of vessels, nodes, tissues, organs |
| lymph | fluid that enters lymph vessels |
| functions of lymphatic system | immune surveillance, initiates immune response, keeping infections from becoming systemic (overall keeps us healthy) |
| Components of lymphatic system | lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs |
| overall functions of Lymphatic Systems | Transports fluids and helps flight infections helps maintain homeostasis |
| How does the lymphatic system maintain homeostasis | Removes excess fluid from tissues (fluid leaked from blood capillaries) Returns fluid to cardiovascular system |
| what so lymph vessels transport | dietary Lipids |
| How does the lymphatic system connect to lymphocytes | the lymphatic organs aid in productions and maturation of lymphocytes the Cells generate immune response and increase lymphocyte population as needed |
| fluid leaves blood capillaries are called | interstitial fluid |
| Once interstitial fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries where it is then called | Lymph |
| Components of lymph | Water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein |
| what can immune cells contain | cell debris, microorganisms, cancer cells |
| If excess fluid is not removed what can happen | edema which is excess fluid in your tissues that cause them to swell |
| Lymph vessels | networks that transport excess fluid back to blood |
| AS lymph flows though the network of lymph vessels, lymph is carried through progressively larger diameter vessels. Name those vessels from smallest to largest size | Lymphatic capillaries, Lymphatic Vessels, Lymphatic Trunks, Lymphatic Ducts |
| Characteristics of Lymphatic Capillaries | Small, Closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid Interspersed around most blood capillaries Larger than blood capillaries: Lack a basement membrane |
| What are the size differences between blood capillaries and lymph capillaries | Blood capillaries must be small while lymphatic capillaries are small but larger than blood capillaries |
| Lacteals | Lymphatic capillaries in GI tract |
| What do Lacteals do | Absorb lipid-soluble substances from GI tract |
| Lymphatic capillaries physical qualities | Walls are made of overlapping endothelial cells which have flaps between cells through which fluid centers but can't exit Anchoring filaments hold endothelial cells to nearby structures |
| How does the movement of lymphatic capillaries work | Hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid pushes it into lymph capillary Lymph moves through vessels of larger and larger size Ultimately fluid is returned to blood circulation |
| What prevents vessel collapse | Anchoring filaments linking endothelial cells to surrounding structures |
| Lymphatic vessels characteristics | they are fed by lymphatic capillaries Located adjacent to arteries and veins Have three vessel tunics (intima, media, externa) Have valves to prevent pooling and backflow of lymph |
| How does the lymphatic system move lymph | This system lacks a pump, so it moves lymph using skeletal muscles and rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls |
| What can some vessels connect to for lymph filtration | Lymph nodes |
| Afferent lymphatic vessels | transport lymph to a lymph node - filtered for foreign material |
| Efferent Lymphatic vessels | Transport filtered lymph away from lymph nodes |
| Lymphatic trunks | fed by merging lymphatic vessels |
| Jugular trunk includes | head and neck |
| Subclavian trunk includes | Upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall |
| Bronchomediastinal trunk includes | Deep thoracic structures |
| Intestinal trunk includes | most abdominal structures |
| Lumbar trunks include | lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs |
| Lymphatic ducts characteristics | lymphatic trunks drain into lymphatic ducts Largest lymphatic vessels Bring lymph to venous blood circulation |
| Two types of lymphatics ducts | right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
| Right lymphatic duct | Located near right clavicle drains the upper right quadrant of body Delivers lymph to junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins |
| Thoracic ducts | largest lymphatic vessel runs from diaphragm to junction of left subclavian and left jugular veins Drain lymph from entire left side of body and also both lower limbs |
| Primary Lymphoid structures | Involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes includes red bone marrow and Thymus |
| Secondary Lymphoid structures | Does not form lymphocytes, but does house then and other immune cells sites of immune response initiation Include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules, also includes MALT (mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue) |
| Red Bone marrow | Located between trabeculae of spongy bone, also in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, heads of humorous and femur Site of hemopoiesis |
| Thymus | site of T-Lymphocytes maturation Located in mediastinum Large in children than adults Consists of two thymic lobes, each surrounded by connective tissue capsule |
| Organs that have complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue | Spleen and lymph nodes |
| Lymphoid structures have an incomplete capsule or lack one | Tonsils, MALT , and diffuse lymphoid nodules |
| Lymph Nodes | Filter lymph and remove unwanted substances Filter antigens from lymph and initiate immune response when necessary Small, oval, encapsulated structures located along deep and superficial pathways of lymph vessels |
| Cervical lymph nodes | Receives lymph from head, neck |
| Axillary lymph nodes | receives lymph from breast, axilla, upper limbs |
| Inguinal lymph nodes | In groin receive lymph from lower limb |
| Lymph nodes are typically found... | in cluster receiving lymph from body region but some can be found individually throughout the body |
| Afferent lymphatic vessel | Bring lymph to node |
| efferent vessel | drains a lymph node located at the hilum |
| Lymph node components | dense connective tissues capsule enclosed node outer cortex, inner medulla Trabeculae of capsule divides node into compartments |
| Cortical sinus | tiny open channels lines by macrophages |
| Medullary sinuses | tiny open channels lined with macrophages |
| Nodes Medulla contains | medullary cords |
| Lymph flow through nodes | Lymph enters through several different afferent vessels; pressure created to push through node to single exit vessel. Lymph is monitored looking for foreign material, Macrophages remove foreign debris from lymph, Lymphocytes may initiate immune response |
| where does lymph exit nodes | Exits through efferent vessels May then pass to neighboring lymph node |
| Spleen | largest lymphoid organ Located in upper left abdominal quadrant surrounded by connective tissue capsule Is a Blood reservoir |
| Hilum | attached to spleen indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter |
| Splenic artery vs splenic vein | artery supplies blood while vein drains it |
| Within the spleen what does the Trabeculae from the capsule divide | Red and white pulp |
| White pulp | Clusters of T- and B- Lymphocytes and macrophages around central artery |
| Red Pulp | contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes Includes Splenic cords and sinusoids |
| Splenic cords | cells and reticular connective tissue in red pulp |
| Splenic sinusoids | very permeable capillaries |
| Blood reservoir | storage site for erythrocytes and platelets |
| What does the spleen do | Spleen filters and monitors blood not lymph White pulp monitors blood for foreign materials and bacteria Imitates immune response when microorganismal detected in blood Macrophages in sinusoids of red pulp remove particles |
| Path of blood flow through the spleen | Splenic artery - central artery - Sinusoids - venules - splenic vein |
| Lymphatic Nodules physical characteristics | Clusters of lymphatic cells with some extracellular matrix Individually there very small - some body regions they group together to form clusters attack antigens that enter into it Pale center called germinal center T-Lymphocytes surround Center |
| what does germinal center contain | Proliferating B-Lymphocytes and macrophages T-Lymphocytes surround germinal center |
| Pharyngeal tonsils | In nasopharynx Also called adenoid especially when there enlarged |
| Palatine Tonsils | In posterolateral oral cavity |
| Lingual tonsils | Along posterior one-third on tongue |
| Tonsils | considered secondary lymphoid structures Immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances |
| Tonsillar crypts | Invagination that trap material Contain lymphoid nodules Some with germinal centers |
| MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue | Located in gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts Helps defend against foreign substances Prominent in small intestines, especially ileum |
| Peyer patches | Large aggregations of lymphoid nodules within the wall of GI tract |
| Which functions are not affected by age | Lymph transport, dietary lipid absorption |
| What organ is affected by age | Thymus. after puberty hits the thymus starts decreasing in size as well as its functions start to decline This is why our ability to provide immunity and fight diseases declines as we get older |
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Brooke_N