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Bio II Ch 30
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mosses and other bryophytes have a life-cycle dominated by the ____. | gametophytes |
| Seedless vascular plants and ferns have a lifecycle dominated by the _____. | sporophytes |
| In vascular plants, the gametophytes of most vascular plants are ____. | microscopic |
| Mega spores | produced on megasporophylls --> female gametophytes |
| Microspores | produced on microsporophylls --> male gametophytes |
| Integument | this is a layer of sporophyte tissue; this envelops and protects the megasporangium (female) |
| Ovule | female part of an angiosperm |
| Pollen grain | male; develops from microspore; the pollen grain is a male gametophyte that is enclosed within the pollen wall |
| Sporopollenin protects the ______. | pollen grain |
| Pollination | this is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules. If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule. |
| Evolutionary advantages of seeds: | 1) Provide protection from harsh conditions 2) Facilitate dispersal to new habitats 3) Can be carried away by wind or animals 4) Can emerge from dormancy and germinate |
| Spores | single-celled |
| Seeds | multicellular and can remain dormant for days, months, and years (spores can't survive that long) |
| About how many species of gymnosperms are there? | > 12,000 species of gymnosperms |
| What is the sporophyte of a gymnosperm? | Mature sporophyte // pine tree |
| Cones are hetero OR homo- sporous. | Heterosporous // male and female |
| Microsporangia | microspores; male |
| Megasporangia | megaspores; female |
| In confers, the 2 types of spores are produced by separate cones. Males are the ____ _____ cones, and females are the ____ _____cones. | smaller pollen; larger ovulate |
| Each microsporangium has microsporophytes --> they undergo _____. | meiosis; produce microspores |
| Each microspore will develop into a ______. | pollen grain |
| Gymnosperm | megasporangia surrounded by one integument |
| Angiosperm | surrounded by two integument |
| T or F: In most pine species, each tree has both types of cones. It takes ~ 3 years for male and female gametophytes to be produced. | True |
| T or F: 10 plant phyla, 4 of them are gymnosperms. | True |
| All angiosperms are in a single phylum = _____. | Anthophyta |
| 2 key adaptations of flowers and fruits: | (review notes) |
| A flower is a specialized shoot that can have up to 4 types of modified leaves. These modified leaves are called _______. | flower organs |
| Flowers | specialized for sexual reproduction; in many species, pollen is transferred from one species to another by pollinators (insects/animals). Some are wind pollinated. Usually in dense populations; ie grasses and tree species in temperate forests |
| Sepals | the base of the flower; usually green and enclose the flower before it opens |
| Petals | inside the sepals; in most flowers, they are brightly colored to attract pollinators. If flowers are pollinated by wind, they are not brightly colored. |
| In all angiosperms, the sepals and petals are sterile flower organs. What does this mean? | Since they are not directly involved in sexual reproduction, they are not responsible for producing pollen; they instead serve to attract pollinators and to protect the plant itself |
| The fertile flower organs that produce spores are the _____ and _____. | stamens and carpels |
| Stamens | microsporophylls (males); developing into pollen grains, which contain male gametophytes; a stamen is a STALK (filament) |
| At the top of the stamen is a terminal sac called the _____. | Anther (where the pollen is produced) |
| Carpels | produce megaspores that produce female gametophytes. This is a "container" in which seeds are stored. It distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms. |
| The tip of the carpel is the _____. | Stigma; it receives the pollen |
| Style | leads from the stigma to the ovary |
| T or F: The ovary contains one or more ovules. Each ovule contains a female gametophyte. If the ovule is fertilized, it will develop into a seed. | T |
| Pistil | a single carpel; if more than one, it's a compound carpel |
| Fruits | Seeds develop from the ovules after they are fertilized. The ovary wall gets thick and the ovary then matures with a fruit |
| Fleshy fruit | the wall of the ovary (Pericard) becomes soft as the fruit ripens |
| Examples of fleshy fruit | tomatoes, peaches, plums |
| Examples of dry fruit | beans, nuts, grains |
| In the angiosperm lifecycle, each male gametophyte has: | 1n; 2 haploid cells = a generative cell AND a tube cell |
| Generative cell | divides and forms 2 sperm |
| Tube cell | makes the pollen tube |
| Cross-pollination | the transfer of pollen from one flower to a different flower of the SAME species |
| Double fertilization only happens in _______. | angiosperms |
| Micropyle | a tiny pore in the ovule |
| After fertilization - the ____ matures with ____. | ovule, fruit |
| Angiosperm diversity began in what period? | Cretaceous |
| About how many species of angiosperms are there? | >290,000 living species |
| Monocots | have one cotyledon |
| Dicots | have two cotyledons --> new clade = Eudicots |
| What were the 4 former dicots that were moved to the Eudicot clade? | 1) Water lillies 2) Amborella 3) Star anise + relatives 4) Magnolids |
| Which 3 of the 4 former dicots are considered the "basal angiosperms" (since they diverged from other angiosperms eariler)? | 1) Water lillies 2) Amborella 3) Star anise + relatives |
| Most of our food is from ____. | Angiosperms |
| 80% of all calories consumed are from 6 crops: | 1) Maize 2) Rice 3) Wheat 4) Potatoes 5) Sweet potatoes 6) Cassava |
| Examples of flowering plants | Coffee, tea, chocolate, bark (cinnamon), and wood |
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