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sociology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological Determinism | The concept that an individual’s behavior is innately related to components of his or her physiology, such as body type and brain size. |
| Black Code | France’s Colonial Ordinance of 1685, which legislated the life, death, purchase, marriage, and religion of slaves, as well as the treatment of slaves by their masters. |
| Broken Windows Theory | A theory of crime that asserts that a relationship exists between urban disorder and vandalism, such that if vandalism can be stopped, serious crime will decrease. |
| Crime | A form of deviance that violates moral and ethical standards and is generally defined as such by law. |
| Culture of Poverty | An approach to crime and deviance that associates self-perpetuating cycles of dependency with poor families, specifically poor families of color. |
| Deviance | Actions and behaviors that defy social norms, from crimes to failures to meet social expectations. |
| Differential Association Theory | A theory that proposes that differences in criminal involvement among groups result from the groups’ different definitions of criminality. |
| Differential Labelling | The systematic singling out of individuals for labeling as deviant by virtue of their membership in particular groups. |
| General Strain Theory | A theory that proposes that racism produces stressful events and environments, which in turn lead to emotional reactions (such as anger, fear, depression, and rage) that indirectly or directly lead to acts of crime. |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws designed to preserve whiteness by criminalizing and sanctioning blacks, Native Americans, and other racial and ethnic minorities; such laws were widespread across the United States from the 1880s to the 1960s. |
| Organized Crime | Crime involving groups of people participating in highly centralized criminal enterprises. |
| Prison—Industrial Complex | policies of aggressive policing targeting specific groups, which have greatly expanded the U.S. inmate population. government and industry uses of surveillance, policing, and imprisonment have been merged in an effort to solve economic, social |
| Racial Consciousness | The awareness of race shared by members of a racial group and the wider society. |
| Racial Profiling | The targeting of particular racial and ethnic groups by law enforcement and private security agencies. |
| Slave Patrols | Organized groups of white men with police powers who systematically enforced the slave codes in the pre-civil war South. |
| Social Disorganization | A theory that links crime to neighborhood ecological patterns. |
| Structural Inequities | Institutional processes that deferentially distribute rewards such as status, privilege, compensation and access according to membership in specific categories or group membership. |
| Welfare Fraud | The illegal use of deception to collect more funds than allowed from state welfare systems. |
| White Normative Structures | Norms and institutions that obscure the racial intent of laws, practices, and behaviors that preserve and (re)create societal benefits for White people, creating the illusion that White privilege is natural and normal. |
| White Privilege | The advantage that white people have (over blacks, Native Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and others) as the result of laws, practices, and behaviors that preserve and (re)create societal benefits for them. |
| White-Collar Crime | Crime, typically nonviolent, committed by business or government professionals; the motivation for such crime is often financial. |
| Dakota tribe hangings in 1862. | 38 Dakota men were hanged simultaneously from a single scaffold in front of roughly 4,000 spectators. Following the 6-week "Dakota Uprising", hundreds of Dakota men were tried in hasty military tribunals, with some trials lasting only five minutes |
| Native Americans as | prisoners, military “trials.” |
| The Effects of Immigration: Fear and Resentment | Asians deemed unfit for immigration. • Previous immigrants resented new immigrants. • In 1952, race removed as exclusion. • In 1965, Immigration and Naturalization Act. |
| moral turpitude refers to | conduct that is inherently base, vile, or depraved, and contrary to accepted standards of justice, honesty, or morality. It is a legal concept primarily used in U.S. immigration law to identify serious crimes that can lead to deportation |
| APA removed | homosexuality from illnesses in 1974. |
| Biosocial Theories of Deviance | Lombroso ascribed crime/deviance to ethnicity/race. • Biological determinism. • Linked to IQ and race. |
| nihilism | the philosophical belief that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value |
| Filth | demoralizes residents and produces nihilism. |
| The Spaces and Places of Crime and Deviance | Context determines if behavior rewarded/penalized. • Space determines appropriateness of specific act. |
| General strain theory. | Robert Agnew, posits that strain or stressful life events—create negative emotions like anger and frustration, which can pressure individuals into committing crimes as a coping mechanism |
| 1994 Violence against Women Act. | creates and supports comprehensive, cost-effective responses to domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking. |
| Types of Crime: Drug-Related Crime | “War on Drugs”: illegal opioid focus. • Disease model of addiction. • Singled out African Americans and Latinos. • Opioid deaths declared an epidemic |
| The United States incarcerates | most in industrialized world |
| The Innocence Project. | By 2019, 2522 convictions overturned. • Blacks nearly half of those exonerated. |
| American Indian Movement (A.I.M) grassroots movement | organization dedicated to Indigenous rights, sovereignty, and cultural revitalization. Originally created to combat police brutality and urban poverty, it evolved into a national movement using direct action to fight for treaty rights |
| club movement | a late 19th and early 20th-century American social reform effort where women organized to influence public policy, education, and community services like libraries and parks. |
| New York Stonewall Riots of 1969. | Police raided the mob-owned Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar, arresting employees and patrons for “cross-dressing” or serving alcohol without a license. |
| new york started | imprisoning ppl for low crimes with rockefeller laws |
| rockefeller laws | said there was a difference between powder and crack cocaine |
| prison population is | over 2 million |
| oklahoma before 2006 | was illegal to get a tattoo |
| black men serve | 20% longer than white men |
| Agency | The ability to effect change, to act independently, and to exercise free choices. |
| Binary Constructs | the representation of two groups in opposition (such as white/black); such constructs normalize and legitimate racial and gender hierarchies at the expense of other outsiders, such as other racial minorities and gender groups (LGBT). |
| Black Civil Rights Movement | A movement orchestrated by southern blacks—in partnership with northern allies, both white and black—in the period 1955–68 that not only challenged but also effectively nullified the intimidation and segregation of the old South. |
| Boycotts | Voluntary acts of protest in which individuals or groups seek to punish or coerce corporations, nations, or persons by refusing to purchase their products, invest in them, or otherwise interact with them. |
| Citizenship | A status reflecting the legal process countries use to regulate national identity, membership, and rights. |
| Class Approach | An approach to issues of power, politics, and identity that assumes that power is derived from having control over specific economic structures within society. |
| Coalitional Politics | Politics characterized by alliances of various identity groups whose shared purpose is to establish a specific political agenda. |
| Critical Race Theory | A theoretical approach that represents an attempt by scholars and activists to transform the relationships among race, racism, and power. |
| De Facto Political Practices | not actual laws |
| Democratic Equilibrium | A dynamic working balance between and among various groups. |
| Disenfranchisement | Revocation of the right to vote. |
| Grandfather Clauses | Legal provisions used in the south to restrict voting rights; such clauses granted the right to vote to anyone whose grandfather qualified to vote prior to the civil war. |
| Great Compromise of 1787 | one in which population would deter-mine the number of seats each state would hold. It was further decided that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person in population counts determining numbers of representatives |
| Identity Politics | A political process/structure that relies on people of specific religions, racial and ethnic groups, or social backgrounds to form exclusive political alliances. |
| Insider Groups | anyone with power |
| Literacy Tests | De jure enactments employed in the south to disadvantage blacks by restricting the access to vote to those who could read and interpret sections of the state constitution. |
| Millennials | People in the generation born roughly from 1980 to 2000. |
| National Origins Formula | to set annual limits on the numbers of immigrants admitted to the United States from individual countries; quotas were calculated at 3% of the total number of foreign-born persons from particular countries as recorded in the 1910 U.S. census. |
| Outsider Groups | Those groups within a society that are marginalized and have limited power. |
| Pluralism | An approach to the issue of power within society that posits that power is decentralized, widely shared, diffuse, and fragmented. |
| Political Activism | Actions of political involvement that go beyond voting; includes posting opinions online and participating in letter-writing campaigns, boycotts, protests, and demonstrations. |
| Political Identities | Political positions based on the interests and perspectives of social groups with which people identify. |
| Political Sociology | The study of government, political behaviors, institutions, and processes that occur between the state and its society and citizens. |
| Politics | All of the processes, activities, and institutions having to do with governance. |
| Poll Taxes | Taxes a person must pay to qualify to vote; before the practice of levying such taxes was prohibited, southern states enacted poll tax laws as a way of restricting voting by Blacks. |
| Power | The ability to acquire scarce resources. |
| Power Elite Model | A model of the distribution of power in society that posits that power is concentrated among discrete elites of relatively equal power; these elites control the resources of significant social institutions. |
| Redlining | A practice of evaluating mortgage lending potential for designated areas that typically discriminated against racial and ethnic minorities. |
| Restrictive Covenants | Rules inserted into real estate contracts that specify which racial groups may purchase the land. |
| Silent Generation | People born from 1925–45. |
| Structuralism | Derived from the class approach to issues of power, politics, and identity, assumes that the state and all political institutions exist relatively independent of each other and are essentially by-products of conflict between and within class groups. |
| Affluent areas slightly more | republican |
| pluralist approach is a | perspective emphasizing that power, influence, and decision-making are dispersed among diverse groups rather than concentrated in a single elite |
| The Power Elite Model | Status through inheritance or work. • Elite positions give influence. |
| class approach | methods of analyzing society based on grouping individuals by shared economic positions, roles in production, or socio-economic status. Major frameworks include the Marxist focus on conflict between capital and labor |
| Government purpose | regulate conflict, ensure justice |
| Virginia | first to import slaves. • Virginia: major slave codes/statutes. • Whiteness became central political feature. |
| emancipation proclomation | declared that all enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion "are, and henceforward shall be free". As a wartime executive order, it shifted the Civil War's purpose to ending slavery |
| Agency | The ability to effect change, to act independently, and to exercise free choices. |
| Club Movement | A late 19th-century movement in the United States through which lower-status white ethnics sought to gain elite status through the establishment of exclusive sport groups. |
| Functionalist Theory of Sport | A theory that argues that sport fulfills a multitude of societal needs, such as shared values, acquisition of life skills, conflict management, and social mobility. |
| Nature Perspective | A view of sport that posits that biological differences between genders and among racial, cultural, and national groups account for variations in athletic ability, performance, and success. |
| Nurture Perspective | A view of sport that sees gender, racial, cultural, and national group differences in athleticism as products of socialization and environment. |
| Sport | A range of activities that involve physical exertion and skill. These activities are organized around sets of rules and can be played at either the individual or the team level. |
| Symbolic Interaction Perspective on Sport | An approach that posits that sports are created and maintained by shared meanings and social interaction. |
| Title IX | declared that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” |
| The Business of Sports | Most watched in the United States: football. • NBA: most diverse fan base. • NASCAR: least diverse fan base. |
| sports diversity | NBA: most players of color. • MLB: least diverse organization. • MLS: most international people of color. • MLS: most international players. |
| Rooney Rule of 2003. | initially required teams to interview at least one minority candidate for head coaching vacancies |
| Early American Sports | Slaves often featured attractions. • Black women: sport as rebellion. • White females: rebellion with bicycle. • Spanish ranches: vaqueros developed skills. |
| Ignacio High School team photo shoot. | players with painted red or black handprints over their mouths to raise awareness for the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) movement |
| Battle of New Orleans | The final major battle of the war of 1812, in which the British army was defeated and prevented from seizing new Orleans and subsequently all the lands associated with the Louisiana purchase. |
| Bracero Program | Guest worker program established in 1942 because of labor shortages caused by World War II; allowed Mexican contract laborers to enter the United States to work in agriculture and on railroads |
| Coercive Force | Force that involves the use of intimidation to obtain compliance. |
| Dysfunctional | Disruptive to social structures, increasing stress and violating norms and rules of engagement. |
| Functionalist Approach to the Military | The theory that the military, war, and terrorism serve specific and important tasks, or functions, within society, including socialization, integration, and reduction of conflict. |
| Hate Strikes | A series of White supremacist wildcat strikes that took place throughout World War II, targeting black workers competing with white labor. |
| Interstate Forms of War | Conflicts involving national states, such as World Wars I or II; considered to be legitimate wars. |
| Intrastate Forms of War | Conflicts that exist or occur within the boundaries of particular states; considered to be less legitimate than interstate wars. |
| Islamophobia | Intense fear and paranoia regarding Muslims and Arabs, both those living in the United States and those abroad. |
| Medal of Honor | The highest military honor awarded in the United States for combat heroism; often called the Congressional Medal of Honor because it is awarded in the name of Congress. |
| Mexican–American War | Conflict (1846–48) primarily associated with the U.S. government’s desire to annex Texas, California, and other Mexican territories. |
| Military Sociology | The sociological study of armed forces and war. |
| Military–Industrial Complex | The informal alliance between the U.S. military and major industries that produce arms and other military materials and seek to influence public policy. |
| Monopoly and Materialist Perspectives | Perspectives on the military that posit that military organizations must maintain a legitimate monopoly on the use of force, and the use of this force is uniquely tied to the material instruments of war. |
| New Immigrants | Immigrants to the United States from Ireland, Switzerland, Poland, Germany, and other Southern European countries between 1886 and 1920. |
| Nonstate Actors | Individuals and organizations with economic, political, or social power that allows them to influence both national and international events, typically with violence. |
| Old Immigrants | Immigrants to the United States from England, Scotland, and Wales. |
| Seminole Wars | Three conflicts (circa 1817–98) that took place in Florida between the U.S. military and the Seminole, who allied with African escaped slaves and Black Seminoles. |
| Symbolic Interactionist Approach to the Military | A theoretical approach concerned with how people attach meaning to things (flags and memorials), events (wars), and other representations (heroes and patriotism) in support of war, terrorism, and the military. |
| Terrorism | The unlawful use of force, particularly against civilians, in pursuit of political, economic, or social aims. |
| Trail of Tears | 1838–39, of tribal groups from their traditional lands to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River; during this relocation, thousands died of exposure and disease. |
| War | The use of organized force; a state of armed conflict between nations, states, or groups within a nation or state. |
| War of 1812 | United States and Great Britain that began because of British violations of U.S. maritime and trading rights with Europe and quickly became a war pitting the United States against Native Americans |
| War on Terrorism | A series of military and legislative campaigns that began after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States. |
| Senator Duckworth’s story. | Iraq War veteran, Purple Heart recipient, and U.S. Senator for Illinois who became the first female double amputee in Congress after losing both legs in 2004 when her Blackhawk helicopter was hit by an RPG |
| DoD coordinates | agencies/functions. • Largest world employer. |
| Functionalist approach to the military. | views the military as a necessary social institution that serves vital functions—such as security, stability, and conflict management—to maintain social order and meet societal needs |
| Army Reorganization Act of 1866. | An Act to increase and fix the Military Peace Establishment") restructured the U.S. Army after the Civil War. It set the peacetime force to include 5 artillery, 10 cavalry, and 45 infantry regiments, notably authorizing six all-Black regiment |
| President Truman abolished | discrimination in 1948. |
| Wars and Native Americans: Native Americans and the Revolutionary War | Most sided with British. • Seminoles/African ex-slaves with British. • Slaveholders alarmed in Florida after war. |
| Attack on Fort Gadsden. | in Spanish Florida was a decisive US military action, ordered by Andrew Jackson to eliminate a thriving community of escaped slaves |
| john horse | was a man of mixed African and Seminole ancestry who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. | Mexicans on land granted citizenship. • Citizenship denied Black Mexicans/Pueblo Indians. |
| Atrocity of war | rape |
| 1945 incident at Lovell Hospital. | Four Black WACs were arrested and sentenced to a year of hard labor for refusing to scrub hospital floors, a task they were not told they would be performing when they enlisted. |
| Bracero program. | a series of diplomatic agreements between the U.S. and Mexico that brought roughly 5 million Mexican men to the U.S. for short-term agricultural and railroad labor |
| Medal of Honor. | No Blacks received during/soon after. • President Clinton awarding in 1997. |
| Navajo Marine Corps code talkers. | specialized World War II radio operators who used their unwritten indigenous language to create an unbreakable code, crucial for U.S. victory in the Pacific |
| Susie King Taylor | American nurse, educator, and memoirist. Born into slavery in coastal Georgia, she is known for being the first African-American nurse during the American Civil War |
| Sgt. William Walker’s story | a formerly enslaved man and a Union officer in the Third South Carolina Volunteers who was executed by the Union Army on January 9, 1864, for leading a protest against unequal pay |
| Huston Riot of 1917. | Following an incident where police officers arrested and assaulted black soldiers, many of their comrades mutinied and marched to Houston. There they opened fire and killed eleven civilians and five policemen. Five soldiers also died, |
| Medgar Evers. | medgar Wiley Evers was an American civil rights activist who was the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi. |
| The Chicano Movement. | also referred to as El Movimiento, was a social and political movement in the United States that worked to embrace a Chicano identity and worldview that combated structural racism |
| 1790 Naturalization Law | the first U.S. law to establish uniform rules for granting citizenship. It restricted naturalization to "free white persons" of good character who had lived in the U.S. for at least two years |
| capital punishment | or the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned execution of an individual for a criminal offense, |
| Cesare Lombroso | Cesare Lombroso was an Italian eugenicist, criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian school of criminology. He is considered the founder of modern criminology |
| Criminal Sanctioning | penalties imposed by courts on individuals convicted of crimes, serving as punishment and deterrence. T |
| mores | the essential, deeply held customs, values, and moral conventions of a society that determine acceptable behavior and ensure social orde |
| taboos | strong social or cultural prohibitions against specific actions, behaviors, or objects, deemed unacceptable, vulgar, or dangerous |
| Cesar Chavez | n American labor unionist and political activist. Along with Dolores Huerta and Gilbert Padilla, he co-founded the National Farm Workers Association |
| gentrification | the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process. |
| stratification | the arrangement or classification of something into different groups. "wealth is the main symbol of social stratification |
| Pluralistic Model of Power | argues that political power is dispersed among various organized groups—such as unions, business lobbies, and NGOs—rather than concentrated in a single elite |
| allyship | a lifelong, active process where individuals with privilege leverage their social capital and influence to support, advocate for, and amplify marginalized groups |
| globalization | the increasing integration of economies, cultures, and populations worldwide, driven by cross-border trade, technology, and investment |
| media literacy | ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication, encompassing critical thinking skills necessary to navigate a complex information landscape |
| Quipu | sophisticated knotted-string recording devices used by the Inca Empire (c. 1400–1532 CE) for accounting, census data, tax records, and potentially narrative communication |
| Chideya | American novelist, multimedia journalist, and radio host. She produced and hosted Pop and Politics with Farai Chideya, a series of radio specials on politics for 15 years |
| purple heart | extreme sacrifice, courage, and valor |
| naturalization law only granted freedom to | free white persons of good character or had us residents father |
| white collar crime | nonviolent, financially motivated offenses committed by business and government professionals, costing over 3 billion annually |
| how many ppl on death row or black/latino | 54% |
| In 2019, it was discovered that the | Army West Point football logo slogan on its team flag originated with white supremacist biker gangs. |
| slaves voting rules | read and interpret section of constitution |
| de facto | not laws, assumption |
| dejour laws | actual laws ex-jim crow |
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cwehner125