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BIOL topic 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gregor Mendel's 5 critical experimental innovations | 1. Controlled crosses between plants 2. Pure-breeding strains to being experimental controlled crosses 3. Selection of dichotomous traits 4. Quantification of the results 5. Use of replicate, reciprocal, and test crosses |
| Pure-breeding strains | Strains that continuously produce a single phenotype with no variation |
| Mendel's 1st law | Law of segregation, two alleles of a trait will separate from each other during gamete formation and each allele has an equal probability of inclusion in the gamete |
| Are gametes haploid or diploid? | Haploid |
| Test cross | Cross of an organism with a dominant phenotype with an organism that is homozygous recessive |
| Dihybrid cross | Cross between organisms that are heterozygous for two genes |
| Mendel's second law | A) 9:3:3:1 ratio illustrates this law B) During gamete formation, alleles of different genes segregate independent of each other |
| Independent assortment | Considering each gene separately |
| Two important ratios | 1) 9:3:3:1 (Dihybrid cross) 2) 1:1:1:1 (Test cross) |
| Trihybrid cross | Independent assortment extends beyond just two genes |
| Chi square analysis | Makes comparisons of observed and expected results to objectively determine if they're consistent |
| Steps for a chi square analysis | 1. Develop a null hypothesis 2. Calculate chi squared 3. Determine the degrees of freedom 4. Consult chi-square table to determine probability 5. If p value is > 0.05 accept the null hypothesis BUT if p value is < 0.05 reject the null hypothesis |
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