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GOV Ch. 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linkage institutions | Channels that connect individuals to government (elections, political parties, interest groups, media) |
| Four linkage institutions | Elections, political parties, interest groups, media |
| Political participation | Activities citizens use to influence government (voting, contacting officials, protests, social media) |
| Social movement | Organized effort by a large group seeking social or political change |
| How social movements act as linkage institutions | They connect citizens to government by raising awareness, influencing policy agendas, and mobilizing participation |
| Examples of political participation | Voting, contacting officials, protests, social media activism, attending meetings |
| Why voting is an imperfect linkage institution | Low voter turnout means it does not fully represent all citizens |
| Age and voting | Older people are more likely to vote than younger people |
| Education and voting | Higher education levels increase likelihood of voting |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | Measure of wealth, income, education, and occupation |
| SES and political participation | Higher SES individuals participate more due to resources and political efficacy |
| Political efficacy | Belief that one’s participation matters in government |
| Demographic characteristics | Measurable traits of a population (age, race, gender, income, education) |
| Factors affecting voter turnout | Age, education, income, race/ethnicity, gender, geography |
| Gender and voting | Women vote at higher rates than men |
| Gender gap | Difference in political views (women more likely Democratic) |
| Race and voting patterns | Turnout varies; Hispanic turnout often lower, Black women higher than Black men |
| Life cycle effect | People vote more as they age due to stability and investment in society |
| Registration requirements | Rules about who can vote and how/when they register |
| How registration requirements lower turnout | ID laws, proof of residency, and deadlines discourage participation |
| Election Day as barrier | Held on a Tuesday, conflicts with work/school |
| Absentee ballot | Voting before election day without going to polls |
| Political mobilization | Efforts by parties/candidates to encourage voting |
| Candidate characteristics | Traits of candidates that influence voter support (e.g., charisma, relatability) |
| Rational choice voting | Voting based on what benefits the voter personally |
| Retrospective voting | Voting based on past performance of incumbents |
| Prospective voting | Voting based on candidates’ future promises |
| Party | line voting |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| 15th Amendment | Gave African American men the right to vote |
| 17th Amendment | Established direct election of senators |
| 19th Amendment | Granted women the right to vote |
| 24th Amendment | Eliminated poll taxes in federal elections |
| 26th Amendment | Lowered voting age to 18 |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Law that eliminated racial discrimination in voting |
| Why the VRA was important | Enforced protections and increased minority voter turnout |
| Institutional factors affecting turnout | Laws and procedures like registration, voting access, election timing |
| Examples of institutional barriers | ID laws, limited polling places, gerrymandering, ballot fatigue |
| Ballot fatigue | Voters become overwhelmed by long ballots and stop voting |
| Gerrymandering | Redrawing districts to favor a party, reducing voter influence |
| Why people don’t vote | Low efficacy, lack of interest, barriers, satisfaction with status quo |
| Electoral College | System used to elect the president through electors |
| How Electoral College works | Voters choose electors; candidate needs 270/538 votes to win |
| Battleground state | State with close elections between parties |
| Swing state | State that can shift between parties in elections |
| Red state | Consistently Republican |
| Blue state | Consistently Democratic |
| Criticism of Electoral College | Overrepresents small/swing states and can ignore popular vote |
| Defense of Electoral College | Protects minority interests and ensures national campaigning |
| Exploratory committee | Early step where candidates test viability of a campaign |
| Invisible primary | Pre-election phase where candidates gain support, money, and media attention |
| Nomination campaign | Phase where candidates compete for party nomination |
| General election campaign | Final phase between party nominees |
| Open primary | Voters do not need party affiliation to vote |
| Closed primary | Only registered party members can vote |
| Semi-open primary | Unaffiliated voters can choose a party, but members cannot switch |
| Why Iowa and New Hampshire matter | First contests influence momentum and media attention |
| Super Tuesday | Day when many states hold primaries, critical for momentum |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | Organization that raises and spends money for campaigns |
| Super PAC | Can spend unlimited money independently of campaigns |
| Dark money | Political spending where donors are not disclosed |
| Campaign costs | High due to ads, consultants, and outreach efforts |
| Role of media in campaigns | Shapes public opinion and candidate visibility |
| Explain how linkage institutions connect citizens to government | They provide channels (elections, media, parties, interest groups) for communication, participation, and influence |
| Explain two ways interest groups connect citizens to government | Influence legislation and support candidates through funding and endorsements |
| Explain one limitation of using voter turnout data | It does not reflect all forms of participation or motivations behind behavior |
| Explain how social media impacts political participation | Increases awareness, mobilizes voters, and spreads political messaging quickly |
| Explain how SES affects political participation | Higher SES increases participation due to resources, education, and efficacy |
| Explain one institutional barrier to voting | Strict ID laws reduce turnout by making voting less accessible |
| Explain why younger voters participate less | Lower political efficacy, less stability, fewer resources |
| Explain the difference between retrospective and prospective voting | Retrospective focuses on past performance; prospective focuses on future promises |
| Explain one advantage of the Electoral College | Encourages candidates to campaign nationwide |
| Explain one disadvantage of the Electoral College | Popular vote winner can lose election |
| Explain how political mobilization increases turnout | Campaigns target and encourage supporters to vote through outreach |
| Explain the role of PACs in campaigns | They raise and distribute money to influence elections |
| Explain how demographic factors influence elections | Different groups vote at different rates and for different parties |
| Explain one reason elections increase legitimacy of government | High participation signals public support for leaders |
| Citizens United v. FEC | Campaign funding by corporations isn't against the 1st Amendment. The decision permitted corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts on, or against, candidates, directly leading to the creation of Super PACs |
Created by:
katdolan