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BMB 4450
Carbohydrate Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glucose can be used for what 3 purposes? | synthesis of ribose-5-phosphate, storage in glycogen, starch, and sucrose, and pyruvate synthesis |
| Glycogen has a variety of different non-reducing ends but only has one reducing end. What protein connects to the reducing ends? | glycogenin |
| In muscle cells, a hexokinase isomer can phosphorylate what other hexose sugar to enter glycolysis? | fructose |
| Glucokinase is a hexokinase isomer that will only phsophorylate glucose in what type of cells? | liver cells |
| In liver cells, why can't fructose be phosphorylated by hexokinase? | liver cells contain the glucokinase isomer that will only phosphorylate glucose |
| What is hyperglycemia? | blood glucose levels exceeding 6.9mmol/L after 8+ hour fast |
| What is hypoglycemia? | blood glucose levels below 3.9mmol/L after 8+ hour fast |
| Neuroglycopenic symptoms can result from which one: hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia? | hypoglycemia |
| What is galactosemia? | galactose found within the blood |
| Hereditary fructose intolerance is caused by an absence of aldolase B enzyme. Why is aldolase B important for fructose metabolism? | aldolase B is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of F1P into glyceraldehyde (with will eventually become GAP) and DHAP to enter glycolysis |
| What is fructosuria? | a disease characterized by a lack of fructokinase |
| What are hemoglobin glycates (GHBs)? | the sticking of glucose on hemoglobin |
| The formation of GHBs are normal. An HbA1c test can be used to determine high levels of GHBs. What is the cut-off before being classified pre-diabetic? | 5.6 |
| Why is increased concentration of GHBs dangerous? | reactions with GHB substrates produce AGEs (advance glycation end-products) |
| What does the Cori Cycle use, instead of pyruvate, to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis? | lactate produced from fermentation |
| Glucagon is secreted in response to what? | drop in blood glucose |
| Insulin is secreted in response to what? | rise in blood glucose |
| Hexokinase/pyruvate kinase deficiencies can lead to what symptoms? | hemolytic anemia, lactic acidosis, and fatigue |
| Defects in gluconeogenesis can lead to what symptoms? | hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis |
| G6Pase deficiencies can lead to hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and glycogen storage disease. What is G6Pase? | the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the final step of gluconeogenesis |
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gracelisabethxo