Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
anatomy test 2
part 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| know the basic parts of the large intestine. what is the order from proximal to distal? | cecum- a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines appendix ascending colon transversal colon descending colon sigmoid colon - s-shaped portion that becomes the rectum anal canal |
| what are the flexures? | -bends or curves in the large intestine that help facilitate the movement of waste hepatic flexure- between ascending and transverse colon splenic flexure- between transverse descending colon -assist in efficient passage of fecal matter through colon |
| what are the basic steps of digestion of proteins? | -broken down to peptides by pepsin (stomach) -broken down to peptides by trypsin and chymotrypsin in small intestine (pancreatic enzymes) -amino acids are absorbed via the small intestine -transported to liver |
| what are the basic steps of digestion of carbohydrates? | -amylose/starch is broken down to disaccharides by the brush border enzymes and pancreatic amylase -SI brush border enzymes break disaccharides down to monosaccharides -monosaccharides are absorbed via the small intestine -transported to liver |
| what are the basic steps of digestion of nucleic acids? | -DNA and RNA are degraded to nucleotides by pancreatic DNA-ase and RNA-ase nucleotides are broken down to pentose by SI brush border enzyme (nucleotideases) -absorbed via the small intestine -transported to the liver |
| what are the basic steps of digestion of lipids? | |
| how does each digestion process get to the liver? | via the superior mesenteric vein and hepatic portal vein |
| what is the function of the superior mesenteric vein? | -drains blood from the small intestine and parts of the large intestine. -collects nutrient-rich blood from several smaller mesenteric veins -transports blood to the hepatic portal vein for processing by the liver. |
| what are some of the functions of the liver? | digestive function-bile production- bile salts facilitate emulsification of fat to allow efficient lipase action -carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism -synthesis of blood proteins -stores iron as ferritin -detoxification- alcohol, toxins, drugs |
| what are some properties of the liver? | -encased by the ribs and attached to the diaphragm -larger right lobe, smaller left lobe -hepatic portal vein- delivers nutrient rich blood to the liver via the s and i mesenteric veins -hepatic artery- carries 02 rich blood to the liver |
| what are some properties of the liver (bile carrying ducts) ? | -the right and left hepatic ducts carry bile from the liver and merge to form common hepatic duct- merges with the cystic duct to form common bile duct cystic duct carries to the gall bladder for storage common bile duct delivers to the duodenum |
| blood flow in and out of the liver. | blood enters hepatic lobule (functional unit of liver) via branches of portal vein + hepatic arteries -flows through sinusoid vessels and hepatocytes (cells) + absorb nutrients -blood exits lobule via central vein and exits liver via hepatic vein |
| what kinds of products does the pancreas produce? | digestive enzymes amylase- breaks down carbohydrates lipase- breaks down fats nucleases break down DNA and RNA proteases- break down proteins (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) |
| how are the proteases from the pancreas activated? | proteases are synthesized as inactive precursors-> zymogens (trypsinogen) in pancreas zymog. are secreted duodenum intestinal enteropeptidase makes trypsinogen -> trypsin trypsin makes EZ into active forms and protein is broken down to peptides and AA |
| how is fecal matter ejected from the anus? | mass movements move feces into rectum + there is urge to defecate controlled via defecation reflex muscles of sigmoid colon + rectum contract in peristalsis internal sphincter relax voluntary relaxation of external anal sphincter valsalva maneuver |
| what is the valsalva maneuver? | last step in how fecal matter is ejected from anus -deep breath and close epiglottis to increase lung pressure -contract abdominal muscles -abdominal pressure is up -feces are expelled |
| what is defecation reflex? | - is triggered when the rectum fills with stool, activating stretch receptors. -these receptors send signals to the spinal cord and brain, indicating the need to defecate |
| what are kupffer cells? | specialized macrophages (type of white blood cell that engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and debris) located in the liver. - filter pathogens from the blood -phagocytize bacteria and work out RBC's |
| what is the name of an inactive enzyme? | zymogen |
| what is pepsinogen? | inactive enzyme, precursor to pepsin (which breaks down proteins into mostly peptides) |
| what are the teniae coli? | -3 bands of longitudinal muscle in the large intestine -on the outside of the ascending, transverse and descending colon |
| what is hepatopancreatic ampulla? (ampulla of Vater) | - located where the bile duct + pancreatic duct converge + empty into duodenum -surrounded by sphincter of Oddi, which controls the release of digestive fluids regulates bile and pancreatic juice flow into the small intestine |
| is chemical digestion the only type of food digestion? | -no, food can also be mechanically broken down through segmentation and peristalsis. |
| what is the enterogastric reflex? | -inhibits stomach -occurs when small intestine detects food or acid - inhibits gastric movements and secretion to slow down digestion helps prevent overload of the small intestine with chyme mediated by neural and hormonal signals from intestines |
| what is the gastroesophageal sphincter? | -a muscular ring at the junction of the esophagus and stomach -prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. |
| what are the three phases of gastric secretion? | 1. cephalic phase - smell/see food etc your stomach starts getting ready and produces acids 2. gastric phase- food enters stoma. enhancing secretion -> chemical signals. 3. intestinal phase- chyme enters SI, regulating secretion to prevent overload. |
| what is sterlobilin? | Sterlobilin is a brown pigment formed from the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestines. It is primarily responsible for the brown color of feces |
| what chemical gives urine its color? | Urochrome is a pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
| what is secretin? | digestive hormone that stimulates liver to produce bile pancreas to release HCO3 |
| what is CCK | cholecystokinin digestive hormone that stimulates pancreas to release enzymes gall bladder to eject bile satiety |
| what is intrinsic factor? | a substance secreted by the stomach (pariteal) which enables the body to absorb vitamin B12 |
| what is pernicious anemia? | an autoimmune condition that prevents your body from absorbing vitamin B12. Without adequate vitamin B12, you have fewer red blood cells carrying oxygen throughout your body. |
Created by:
emma.thornton