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UCSP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two Greek words that formed the word "Anthropology" | Anthropos and logia |
| Where is the shift the Anthropology further developed? | New World |
| Two Latin words in Sociology | Socius and Logia |
| What is Anthropos? | Human |
| What is Socius? | Companion |
| What is the French word for Sociology? | Sociologie |
| Who is the father of Sociology? | August Comte |
| It was not until what century that the basis of the modern discipline of sociology can be said to have been truly established | 19th century |
| The impetus for the ideas in _________...can be found...the development of modern science from the...democratic forms of government with the ________________________ and the _______________ beginning in the 18th century | Sociology, American and French Revolutions, and Industrial Revolution |
| Two Greek words in Political Science? | Polis and Scientia |
| What does Polis mean? | City-state |
| What is Scientia? | Knowledge |
| What is the definition of Political Science? | Systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis |
| Which are the ancient Greek philosophers that were credited fir their early contributions to the development on Political Science? | Plato and Aristotle |
| 4 Elements of culture? | Symbols, language, values, and norms |
| 5 Characteristics of culture? | Learned, shared, normative, adaptive and relative, and socially transmitted |
| Learning your own culture from birth | Enculturation |
| Adapting to a different culture while still keeping your own | Acculturation |
| Spread of cultural ideas, practices, or objects from one place to another | Cultural diffusion |
| Belief that your culture is superior or the “normal” way of doing things. Can cause misunderstanding or conflict between cultures | Ethnocentrism |
| Seeing other cultures as superior or more desirable than your own | Xenocentrism |
| Understanding and evaluating a culture based on its own values and context, not by comparison | Cultural Relativism |
| Belief that cultural differences should be respected and acknowledged. Promotes coexistence and appreciation of diversity | Multiculturalism |
| The traditions, customs, practices, and ways of life passed down from generation to generation, giving a sense of identity, pride, and connection to the past | Cultural heritage |
| Where did the cultural relativism originate? | Work of Franz Boas |
| Who coined Ethnocentrism | William G Sumner |
| Macrosociology | Study of society as a whole |
| What is sociocultural evolution theory? | Views technological progress as the most fundamental factor in the evolution of societies and cultures |
| Societal survival has been largely function of the what? | Society's level of technological advance |
| Who developed sociocultural evolution theory | Gerhard Lenski |
| How is technology defined in Lenski's view? | Information about how to use the material resources |
| More information correlates to? | More advance the society is |
| Natural threats | Caused by nature, can damage physical heritage over time |
| 5 stages of sociocultural evolution | Hunting and gathering → Pastoral → Horticultural → Agrarian → Industrial |
| Basis of inequality | Material surplus |
| Tabula Rasa | Latin phrase to blank state or scraped tablet, meaning that individuals are born without built-in mental content |
| Who popularized Tabula Rasa | John Locke |
| It refers to the non financial social assets. It is a form of social currency. Produces inequalities | Cultural Capital |
| William Graham Sumner | Wrote about distinctions between different types of norms, and its a framework sociologists still use |
| The shared beliefs, values, traditions, norms, language and practice of a group of people | Culture |
| A group of people living together in an organized community with shared institutions | Society |
| The process of making decisions, exercising power, and governing a society | Politics |
| What does interactions of culture, society, and politics show us? | The interconnectedness |
| New trends, technology, and beliefs that reshape traditions | Cultural changes |
| Population growth, migration, and social movements transform social structure | Societal changes |
| Laws and policies are revised based on public demands | Political changes |
| How is identity made? | Product of the interplay of influences from our culture, society, and political institutions |
| Three types of identity? | Personal, social, and cultural |
| It distinguishes your specific society and it is also passed down from generation to generation | Cultural traditions |
| A group within a larger culture | Subculture |
| Cultural practices common too all human societies | Cultural universals |
| Ways by which culture differ | Cultural variations |
| Examples of cultural variations | Proxemics, food ways, language, religion, music, dance, custom or traditions, holidays or celebration, and fashion |
| Why is cultural orientation relevant? | It's relevant in promoting peace and progress in a society |
| What does hunting and gathering stage have? | Low inequality among members and basic tools |
| What does pastoral have? | Dependent on the domestication of animals and simple tools |
| What does horticultural societies have? | First human settlements and semi-permanent near sources of food, and small-scale farming |
| What does agraian societies have? | Permanent settlements and material surplus, also bigger populations and the creation of specialized tools and social institutions |
| What does industrial societies have? | Shift from human and animal power to machine power, production of goods, and wide disparity among groups |
| When did industrial socieities begin? | Industrial revolution |
| Whose concept is the cultural capital? | Pierre Bourdieu |
| Two types of socialization | Primary and secondary |
| Agents of socialization | Family, schools, religious institutions, government, and media |
| Types of social norms | Folkways, mores, taboos, and laws |
| What is folkways? | Everyday customs and manners, it also exerts a form of social pressure |
| What is mores? | More strict compared to folkways and they determine the moral and ethical behavior. It structures what's the difference between right and wrong |
| What results in extreme disgust? | Taboos |
| Formally inscribed at the state or federal level? | Laws |
| Take upon | Avowed |
| Place on | Ascribed |
| What is conformity? | Type of social influence involving a change in belief in order to fit in with a group. Yielding to group pressure |
| What is public change in behavior but not in personal vices? | Compliance |
| What conforms to the expectations of a social role? | Identification |
| What is a deep and private change in behavior and personal views? | Internalization |
| Frameworks used to understand how a society works | Sociological theories |
| 4 types of sociological thoeries | Functionalism, conflict, social constructions, and symbolic interactions |
| What is deviance? | Violation of cultural norms and is seen as different |
| Forms of deviance? | Good, bad, and odd |
| What is human dignity? | Inherent worth and value of a person. Everyone matters because they are simply human |
| What is rights? | Basic freedoms and entitlements that belong to all people. It ensures everyone can live with dignity |
| What is common good? | The well-being of the all members of the society |
| What is functionalism? | Society = system; all parts work together to maintain order and stability |
| What is conflict? | Society shaped by inequality and competition for power and resources |
| What is social construction? | Reality and meaning are created through social interactions |
| What is symbolic interactions? | People interact through symbols and shared meanings |
| Who developed the meaning of culture? | Edward Burnett Tylor |
| A social science discipline that studies how a man relates to his environments? | Geography |
| What refers to the social process where people learn to take on the values and standards of groups they plan to join? | Anticipatory socialization |
| Horticultural stage can also be known as? | Agricultural stage |
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