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Cells & Structure

Chapter 11 - A & P Lecture

QuestionAnswer
what are neurons? electrically excitable cells of the nervous system
3 major parts of a neuron? cell body (soma), dendrites, axon
function of the neuron cell body/soma? typical cell functions (ex: protein synthesis, contains nissl bodies (rough ER)
what are dendrites? extensions of the cell body that receive info from other neurons or sensory receptors & conduct signals toward cell body
what are axons? extensions that arise from axon hillock & transmit action potentials away from the cell body to presynaptic terminals containing neurotransmitters
what is anterograde transport? movement of materials (ex: proteins, mitochondria, vesicles) from cell body toward axon terminals
what is the function of anterograde transport? supplies materials for growth, repair, renewal
what is retorgrade transport? movement of materials (ex: damaged organelles + recycled substances)toward the cell body
how can viruses use axonal transport? viruses (ex: rabies/herpes) enter axons + tavel to CNS through retrograde transport
what are sensory (afferent) neurons? neurons that carry action potential toward from CNS
what are motor (efferent) neurons? neurons that carry action potential away from CNS
what are interneurons? neurons within CNS that connect 1 neuron to another
what are multipolar neurons? neurons with lots of dendrites; common in CNS (ex: motor neurons)
what are bipolar neurons? neurons with 2 processes; found in retina and nasal cavity
what are pseudo-unipolar neurons? neurons with a single process that splits into 2 branches
what are anaxonic neurons? neurons with no axons, only dendrites, found in brain + retina
what are astrocytes? star-shaped cell of CNS that support neurons & help regulate the brain environment
functions of astrocytes? 1) regulate extracellular fluid composition 2) help form blood-brain barrier 3) wall of injury sites 4) promote synapse formation & activity
what are ependymal cells? cell of CNS that line the brain ventricles & spinal cord canal
what is the function of choroid plexus? secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
what are microglia? cells of CNS that respond to inflammation + remove debris & pathogens
what are oligodendrocytes? cell of CNS that form myelin sheaths around axons
can 1 oligodendrocyte myelinate multiple axons yes
what are schwann cells? glial cell of PNS that form myelin sheaths around a single axon
what is the neurilemma? outer layer of schwann cell containing the nucleus and cytoplasm
what are satellite cells? glial cell of PNS that surround neuron cell bodies + provide support & protection
function of myelin? insulates axons, speed transmission, helps with repair
what are nodes of ranvier? gaps in myelin sheath
what is white matter? tissue composed mainly of myelinated axons
what is gray matter? tissue composed mainly of unmyelinated axons
what diseases involve myelin degeneration? multiple sclerosis & some cases of diabetes mellitus
what happens to a cut (injured) nerve? may heal or become permanently damaged
what happens to the distal portion of a damaged axon? degenerates & dies within a few days
what role do macrophages play after nerve injury? remove debris and myelin
what do schwann cells do after injury? form a column that guides regenerating axons
what is nerve regeneration more likely? when regenerating axon connects with schwann cell column
why is CNS regenration limited? oligodendrocytes don't form guiding structures like schwann cells
 

 



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