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BIOL topic 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens during meiosis that produces aneuploidy cells | Nondisjunction |
| Mitosis | Division of somatic cells that is controlled by the cell cycle and produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a parent cell |
| 5 Substages of the M phase | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| What do the substages of M phase accomplish | karyokinesis and cytokines and are diploid cells |
| Interphase | Cell spend most of their time here, gene expression |
| karyokinesis | splitting genetic material |
| cytokinesis | splitting of cytoplasm |
| Cohesion | protein that glues sister chromatids together |
| Separase | Enzyme that degrades cohesion protein |
| Cell cycle checkpoints | Genetically controlled signals that drive the cell cycle and are monitored by protein interactions to progress to the next stage |
| G2 checkpoint | Pass if the cell size is adequate and chromosome replication is successfully completed |
| Metaphase check point | Pass is all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle |
| G1 checkpoint | Pass if cell size is adequate, nutrient availability is sufficient and growth factors are present |
| S-phase checkpoint | Pass if DNA replication is complete and has been screened to removed base-pair mismatch error |
| Meiosis | -Making haploid gametes -after meiosis 1 there will no longer be homologous pairs - basis for Mendel's law of heritage |
| What happens in the s-phase | DNA replication |
| Meiosis 1 key events | -Recombination between homologous chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes separate -Reduces diploid to haploid |
| Meiosis 2 key events | -Sister chromatids separate -Produce haploid gametes, each with one chromosome of the original diploid pair -Four diverse haploid cells are produced -Similar to mitosis |
| Prophase 1 | Pairing of homologous chromosomes followed by crossing over |
| Metaphase 1 | Homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase 1 | Homologous chromosomes separate |
| Telophase 1 | Nuclear membrane reforms around haploid set of chromosome, followed by cytokinesis |
| Mechanistic basis of Mendelian ratios | Separation of homologous and sister chromatids in meiosis constitutes the basis of Mendel's law |
| Chromosome non-disjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division |
| Euploid | Number of chromosomes that is an exact number of the haploid number |
| Aneuploid | Uneven number of chromosomes, usually result in a loss or gain of chromosome and happens from non-disjunction |
| Aneuploidy in humans | - Incredibly sensitive to gene dosage -Changes in aneuploidy is usually embryonically lethal |
| Gene dosage | Amount of gene expression based on the number of gene copies |
| Wild-type | signified the phenotype most common in a population |
| Thomas hunt morgans findings | Genes are carried on chromosomes |
| X-linked inheritance | Nettie Stevens found sex-dependent hereditary differences are due to the presence of an X and Y chromosome |
| Sex-linked inheritance | Genes on sex chromosomes that can show difference from reciprocal cross |
| Autosomal inheritance | Genes on autosomes, show no difference from reciprocal cross |
| Reciprocal cross | Same genotypes are crossed but the sexes of the donating parents are switched |
| Dosage compensation | Any mechanism that compensates for the difference in gene copy number between males and females |
| X-inactivation in Mammals | 1 of 2 X chromosome in each female somatic cell is randomly inactivated and remains inactive in all descendents of that cell Ex. calico cats |
| X-inactivation center | Responsible for X-inactivation |
| Xist | Encodes large RNA transcript and is only expressed from 1x chromosome in cells and coats the X chromosomes |
| What does Xist recruit | Chromatin remodeling factors which results in the formation of heterochromatin and no gene expression |
| Pedigree analysis | Trace inheritance of traits in families, used in genetic counseling |
| 2 key points for pedigree analysis | 1. Determine whether the allele is dom or rec 2. Determine if it's x-linked or autosomal |
| Recessive trait signs | Two unaffected parents can have an affected child |
| Dominant trait signs | 2 affected parents can have an unaffected child |
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