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Anatomy 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the placenta? What is its function? | A temporary organ formed in the uterus of pregnant women. Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy. |
| What does relaxin in the placenta do? | Relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis for childbirth |
| What four organs are generally nonendocrine in function? | Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, heart |
| What is the most important androgen? | Testosterone |
| There are 3 types of stimuli that activate endocrine glands. Which type is associated with endocrine organs being activated by other hormones? | Hormonal |
| What are the 3 types of stimuli in the endocrine glands? | Hormonal, humoral, neural |
| What does the endocrine system do? | Produce and release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate body functions |
| What major processes do hormones control - what do they affect specifically? | Reproduction, growth + development, mobilization of body defenses, homeostasis, metabolism |
| What is endocrinology? | The scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs |
| What are hormones classified chemically as? | Amino-acid based molecules (proteins, peptides, amines) Steroids Prostaglandins |
| What is a steroid hormone? | Chemical messengers made from cholesterol |
| In the second messenger system, what serves as the first messenger? | Hormone |
| PTH is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood concentration of calcium ions. This is an example of which type of stimuli that activate endocrine glands? | Humoral |
| Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by what? | Negative feedback loops |
| Thymus | Thymosin |
| Parathyroid gland | PTH |
| Anterior pituitary | TH/TSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL |
| Hypothalamus | Oxytocin, ADH Releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| Adrenal cortex | Glucocortoids, sex hormones, mineralcoticoids, cortisol, aldosterone |
| Adrenal medulla | Epinephrine, norephinephrine |
| Thyroid | Calcitonin, thyroid hormone, thyroxine (t4) |
| Pancreas | Insulin, glucagon |
| Promotes growth of skeletal muscles/long bones | Growth hormone |
| Promotes normal cell metabolism and helps the body resists long-term stressors | Glucocorticoids - cortisol |
| Lowers blood glucose levels | Insulin |
| Stimulates contraction of the uterus and milk ejection | Oxytocin |
| Stimulates development of follicles in female ovaries and sperm development | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Raises blood calcium levels | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxine | Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys to increase blood volume | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Promotes thymosin | Thymus |
| Produces melatonin | Pineal gland |
| Produces testosterone | Testes |
| Produces insulin/glucagon | Pancreas |
| Hormone that is most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis | Parathyroid (PTH) |
| Female glands that are stimulated by FSH and LH | Ovaries |
| Responsible for regulating metabolism | Adrenal glands (on kidneys) |
| Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are what? | Androgens |
| Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ___ while alpha cells produce ___ | Insulin, glucagon |
| When blood glucose is too HIGH, what gets released? | Insulin |
| Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus influence activities of what? | Anterior pituitary gland |
| Which hormones play a role in milk reflex and maintaining breast milk production? | Oxytocin and prolactin (PRL) |
| What does alcohol inhibit the secretion of? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| What is the body's major metabolic hormone? | Thyroid hormone |
| Flight or fight response triggers what? | Hormones of adrenal medulla - Epinephrine and Norephinephrine |
| What is melatonin used for? | Sleep/wake cycle |
| What steroids are made by female ovaries? | Estrogren and progesterone |
| What is produced by the parathyroid gland? | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Which anterior pituitary hormones regulates endocrine activity of the cortex region of the adrenal gland? | ACTH |
| What does ADH do? | Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys Urine volume decreases, blood pressure increases |
| What is the pituitary gland? What is its nickname? | Pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain, protected by sella turcica of the sphenoid bone Master endocrine gland |
| What does the posterior pituitary gland do? | Releases hormones and stores hormones made by the hypothalamus |
| What does the anterior pituitary gland act through? What are the regulated by? | Second-messenger systems; hormonal stimuli |
| Which hormone plays a role in determining final body size? Causes fats to be broken down for energy? | GH |
| Which hormone has an unknown function in men? | PRL |
| What does the thyroptropic hormone do? | Influences the growth/activity of the thyroid gland |
| What does ACTH do | Regulates endocrine activity of adrenal cortex |
| What does LH do | ovulation/testosterone |
| What are FSH and LH referred to as | Gonadotropic hormones because they regulate hormonal activity of gonads |
| What does pineal gland do? | Melatonin, fertility |
| What is the thyroid hormone needed for? | Tissue growth and development |
| What is antagonistic to parathyroid hormone? Why? | Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium levels |
| What does parathyroid stimulate? Why? | Kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium |
| What has anti-inflammatory properties | Glucocorticoids |
| Small amounts are made throughout life | Sex hormones |
| What does epinephrine do | Increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels |
| What is important in developing immune system | Thymosin |
| What do gonads produce | Sex cells and hormones |
| What do estrogens do | Breast development, menstrual cycle, mature of ovaries |
| What does progesterone do | Implantation of embryo, menstrual cycle, lactation |
| What organs are nonendocrine in function | Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, heart |
| Does endocrine system efficiency remains high until old age | Yes |
| What does decrease function of ovaries at menopause cause | Osteoporosis, increase chance of heart disease, possible mood changes |
| Increase in incidence of ___ with endocrine glands gradually decreases with aging | Diabetes mellitus, immune system depression, lower metabolic rate, cancer rates in some areas |
| What do hormones affect | certain cells, tissues, and organs |
| What is required of target cells? | Specific protein receptors |
| How do hormones arouse cells? What occurs? | Altering cellular activity -Permeability change -In/activate enzymes -Stimulate/inhibit cell division -Promote/inhibit secretion of product -Turn on/off transcription of certain genes |
| What two mechanisms do hormones act by | Direct gene activation (used by steroids and thyroid) Second-messenger system (used by protein and peptide hormones) |
| What happens during direct gene activation? | 1. Steroid membrane diffuse 2. Hormone enter nucleus 3. hormone binds to specific protein 4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on DNA 5. Certain genes activated to transcribe messenger RNA 6. New proteins made |
| What happens during second-messenger system? | 1. Hormone binds to receptor 2. Receptor sets of chain reaction, activating enzyme 3. Enzyme catalyzes producing second messenger molecule 4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote specific response in target cell |
| When does hormone release stop | When appropriate level in blood is reached |
| What is the most common category of stimulus | Hormonal |
| What does humoral stimulus indicate | fluids - blood |
| What does neural stimuli do | Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release; control sympathetic nervous system |
| Are endocrine glands ductless? If so, what does that mean? | Yes, hormones released directly into blood |
Created by:
serenitylockard