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carbohydrates
clinical chemistry exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 ways to classify carbs | 1. number of carbons in the chain 2. size of the carbon chain 3. location of the carbonyl 4. stereoisomers |
| glucose is a _______________, __________________, ________________, and _________________. | monosaccharide, hexose, aldose, |
| Dextro (d) isomer | OH group is on the right |
| Glucose CSF reference range | 50-80 mg/dL or 2.5 -4.4 mmol/L |
| CSF glucose should be _______% of plasma glucose | 60-70% |
| decrease in CSF glucose ---> | bacterial or fungal infection meningitis |
| diabetes diagnosis criteria | 1. A1c of >6.5% 2. fasting glucose of >126 mg/dL 3. 2 hour postload glucose of > 200 mg/dL during OGTT 4. random plasma glucose of >200 mg/dL |
| isomer | have the same molecular formula but different arrangements |
| entantiomer | non superimposable mirror images |
| stereoisomer | have the same chemical formula but have mirror image appearances |
| levo (L) isomer | OH group is on the left |
| polyphagia | increased appetite |
| polydipsia | increased thirst |
| polyuria | increased urine production |
| examples of reducing sugars | glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose and galactose |
| Hemoglobin A1c reference range | 4.0-6.0% |
| fasting blood glucose reference range | <100 mg/dL |
| whole blood glucose levels are about ___% lower than serum or plasma | 15% |
| insulin | controls metabolism; decreases blood glucose; increased glycogenesis, lipogenesis and glycolysis; inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
| glucagon | increases plasma glucose concentration (hyperglycemic agent); increased gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis |
| epinephrine | fight or flight inhibits insulin secretion; increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
| cortisol | adrenal gland of the cortex release stimulated by ACTH |
| growth hormone | anterior pituitary gland increases glucose |
| thyroxine | thyroid gland increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption |
| _________________ is stored in the liver _________________ is used/ processed _________________ is a signaler | glycogen glucose glucagon |
| glycolysis | breakdown of glucose for energy |
| gluconeogenesis | conversion of non-carb sources to glucose |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| glycogenesis | glucose is converted to glycogen for storage |
| lipogenesis | conversion of carbs to fatty acids |
| non reducing carbs lack a | free aldehyde or ketone group |
| non reducing carbs | sugar, starch and fiber |
| end product of glycolysis | pyruvic acid |
| examples of disaccharides | maltose, lactose, sucrose |
| maltose | glucose + glucose |
| lactose | glucose + galactose |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| sodium flouride | gray top tube prevents glycolysis |
| glycosylated hemoglobin can be affected by | hemoglobin F, S, and C |
| glucose tolerance test doeses | adults: 75 gm children: 1.75gm/kg |
| type 1 | insulin dependent (deficiency due to immune system attacking B cells); juvenile onset |
| symptoms of type 1 | polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria weight loss, confusion, hyperventilation, ketoacidosis |
| type 2 | insulin independent (caused by obesity and poor diet + exercise) adult onset increased insulin |
| type 2 can cause | vision issues |
| symptoms of type 2 | fatigue, lethargy, polydipsia, and polyuria |
| von gierke disease | glucose-6-phosphate deficiency glycogen storage disease glycogenolysis can't occur --> glycogen builds up in the liver causing hepatomegaly |
| von gierke symptoms + complications | hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, ketonemia, ketouria liver tumors, hepatic adenomas, chronic renal disease and gout |
| hexokinase measures | glucose using NADH |
| clinitest detects | reducing substances |
| long unbranched chains of monosaccharides are due to | a or B 1-->4 bonds |
| branching of polysaccharide molecules results from | 1-->6 bonds |
| what breaks down carbs in the mouth and intestine? | amylase |
| __________ catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide | glucose oxidase |
| in the normal glucose tolerance test (GTT), blood glucose | rises in the first hour and returns to within 20 mg/dL of fasting levels within two hours |
| final product of hexokinase is | colorless NADPH |
| microalbumin is an indicator of | renal damage |
| glucagon maintains blood glucose during fasting by | stimulating glycogenolysis |
| hyperinsulinism | excess insulin --> hypoglycemia |
| persistent hyperglycemia is commonly associated with | diabetes mellitus |
| 2 ways glucose levels are maintained during fasting | glycogenesis and glycogenolysis |
| what part of the body will suffer first due to low glucose | the brain- requires glucose for energy but does not store any |
| tube of blood for glucose testing must | be kept cool, and serum should be separated within two hours to prevent glucose loss. 2mg sodium fluoride per mL blood |
| glucose reference range | 80 - 100 mg/dL |
| if carbs are not needed for energy... | 1. it is converted to liver glycogen and stored 2. converted to ketoacids, amino acids, and proteins 3. converted to fat and stored as adipose tissue (lipogenesis) |
| decreased plasma glucose --> | glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis |
| increased plasma glucose --> | glycogenesis and lipogenesis |
| effects of hyperglycemia | increased osmotic pressure, acidosis, dehydration |
| physiologic abnormalities of glucose | hyperglycemia, ketosis, hyperlipidemia, decreased blood pH |
| characteristics of diabetes mellitus | insulin deficiency, loss of carb tolerance, protein wasting, increased conversion of amino acids to glucose, increased catabolism of triglycerides producing ketones and cholesterol |
| prediabetes | fasting glucose of 100-126mg/dL glucose tolerance of 140-200 mg/dL |
| glycolysis decreases glucose __% per hour | 5-7% |
| glucose oxidase formula | Glucose + O2 + H2O2 ---glucose oxidase--> gluconic acid + H2O H2O2 + Chromagen ---peroxidase--> oxidized chromagen + H2O |
| hexokinase formula | glucose + ATP ---hexokinase---> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP glucose-6-phosphate ---G6PD--> NADPH + H + 6 phosphogluconate |
| 3 major ketone bodies | 1. acetone (2%) 2. Acetoacetic acid (20%) 3. B-hydroxybutyric acid (78%) |
| autoantibodies of type1 | glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulin, islet cell and tyrosine phosphate IA-2 and 2B |
Created by:
kingsleya27