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Biology - Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plants exhibit a life cycle known as ______________ that possesses both a diploid and haploid multicellular stage. | Alternation of generations |
| The diploid stage of a plant's life cycle is known as the | Sporophyte |
| The haploid stage of a plant's life cycle is known as the | Gametophyte |
| Since plants have embryos that develop partially enclosed within maternal tissue, they are also referred to as | Embryophytes |
| The specific group of green algae that are considered to be the most direct ancestors of modern-day plants are the | Charophytes |
| To reduce desiccation, plants can possess a waxy covering on their surface that helps retain moisture called a | Cuticle |
| Nonvascular plants are collectively known as | Bryophytes |
| In plants the structures that produce and store sperm are specifically called | Antheridia |
| In plants the structures that produce and store eggs are called | Archegonia |
| In plants, spores are stored in structures called | Sporangia |
| Following spore germination in mosses, a one-cell thick filament emerges called a | Protonema |
| A structure in mosses that helps release spores from the capsule in a controlled fashion is the | Peristome |
| Nonvascular plants can reproduce asexually by generating fragmentation bodies designed to break away from the parent plant and grow into new individuals. In mosses, these fragmentation structures are | Brood bodies |
| Nonvascular plants can reproduce asexually by generating fragmentation bodies designed to break away from the parent plant and grow into new individuals. In liverworts, these fragmentation structures are | Gemmae |
| All plants that possess a true vascular system are collectively referred to as | Tracheophytes |
| The leaf of a true fern is also called a | Frond |
| Fern sporophytes produce clusters of spore containing structures on the underside of their fronds called | Sori |
| In ferns the heart-shaped gametophyte generation is specifically called a | Prothallus |
| In heterosporous plants ________ give rise to male gametophytes | Microspores |
| In heterosporous plants ________ give rise to female gametophytes | Megaspores |
| Leaves with only a single strand of vascular tissue are referred to as | Microphylls |
| Leaves with only a single strand of vascular tissue are referred to as microphylls, and are found in the vascular seedless plant division | Lycophyta |
| Leaves with multiple strands of vascular tissue are called | Megaphylls |
| The male gametophyte of seed-producing plants is contained within the | Pollen grain |
| Seeds allow an embryo to be viable and protected in a state of ________ until conditions suitable for growth are available. | Dormancy |
| Once conditions are suitable for growth, young seedlings can emerge from dormancy in a process called | Germination |
| The largest group of plants within the gymnosperm category are the | Conifers |
| Sperm travel through structure called a ________ to reach the eggs housed within the ovules. | Pollen Tube |
| Where eggs are housed within structures at the base of the female cone scales are called | Ovules |
| The largest group of flowering plants produce embryos that possess two embryonic leaves and are therefore categorized as | Dicots |
| The smaller group of flowering plants that produce embryos that possess only one embryonic leaves and are categorized as | Monocots |
| The female gametophyte of flowering plants is specifically called an | Embryo sac |
| The two main portions of the stamen are the _________ and _________. | Anther; Filament |
| The three main portions of the carpel are the ________, ________, and _________ | Stigmas; Style: Ovary |
| Incomplete flowers that lack either male or female parts are considered | Imperfect |
| Incomplete flowers where there are separate male and female flowers on the same plant individual, are considered to be | Monoecious |
| Incomplete flowers where there are separate male and female flowers present on separate individuals these plants are said to be | Dioecious |
| Glands located at the base of petals that produce nutrient-rich liquid to reward animal pollinators are known as | Nectaries |
| Flowers that are white, fragrant, nectar-rich, and that bloom at night would attract | Bats |
| Flowers that are purple, fragrant, have a UV pattern and a landing platform would attract | Bees |
| Flowers that are red, scentless, nectar-rich, and have a narrow tube would attract | Birds |
| The two cells that make up the male gametophyte in seed plants are the ________ cell that gives rise to the pollen tube, and the _________ cell that undergoes a single round of mitotic division to produce two sperm cells | Tube; Generative |
| Cells flanking the egg that produce chemical lures for attracting the sperm are called | Synergids |
| When one sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei it gives rise to the nutritive tissue of the seed called the | Endosperm |
| The seed coat arises from the ovule ________ layer. | Integument |
| The ovary-derived tissue of a fruit is called the | Pericarp |
| Fleshy fruits where the majority of the fruit flesh is derived from the receptacle of the flower rather than the ovary are termed | Accessory fruits |
| Within the seed, the embryonic leaves are known as the | Cotyledons |
| Within the seed, the embryonic root is called the | Radicle |
| Within the seed, the embryonic shoot (stem and first primary leaves) is called a | Plumule |
| The embryonic shoot has two portions, one located below where the embryonic leaves attached called the __________ and one positioned above this attachment point called the _________. | Hypocotyl; Epicotyl |
| The single embryonic leaf of a monocot grass is also called a | Scutellum |
| Plant tissues that are regions of active cell division and plant growth are also known as | Meristem |
| The apical versions of meristem are responsible for vertical growth, called________ growth. | Primary |
| The lateral versions of meristem are responsible for growth in width, or _________ growth. | Secondary |
| The division of meristem cells results in one cell that will remain undifferentiated within the quiescent center known as | Initials |
| The division of meristem cells results in one cell that will remain undifferentiated within the quiescent center known as Initials, and another that will eventually specialize into one of the other tissue types, called a | Derivative |
| The most abundant ground tissue in the plant body is | Ground |
| Photosynthetic parenchyma tissue is also known as | Chlorenchyma |
| If sclerenchyma cells are long and thin, they are specifically termed | Fibers |
| If sclerenchyma cells are short and broad, they are specifically termed | Sclereids |
| Fine epidermal extensions off the surface of the plant are termed | Trichomes |
| The specific type of trichomes that can help increase absorptive surface area from the soil are called | Root hairs |
| The cells that help regulate the pore size of stomata are known as | Guard cells |
| The outer surface of tree bark is comprised of the dermal tissue called | Periderm |
| The outer surface of tree bark, comprised of periderm, is made up of multiple layers of dead _______ cells. | Cork |
| Xylem cells found in all vascular plants that are long and narrow are called | Tracheids |
| Tracheids possess porous sections called | Pits |
| The wider type of xylem cells are called | Vessel elements |
| Vessel elements have more efficient passageways called | Perforations |
| The phloem cells that acts as the actual fluid passageways are called | Sieve tube members |
| The phloem cells that have the job of loading and unloading sucrose from sieve tube members cells are known as | Companion cells |
| Dicots possess a root system that consists of a single main central root from which smaller branch roots arise called a | Taproot |
| The slimy secretion that acts as a lubricant for the root tip as it pushes its way through the soil is | Mucigel |
| The root vascular cylinder, also called the | Stele |
| The root vascular cylinder, or the stele, is bordered by a layer called the | Endodermis |
| The endodermis possesses a waxy suberin boundary that prevents water movement in between adjacent cells called the | Casparian strip |
| Water traveling within root cells towards the cylinder is following the ________ pathway. | Symplastic |
| Water traveling between cells is using the _________ pathway. | Apoplastic |
| The single layer of meristematic tissue just inside the endodermis that is responsible for generating branch roots is called the | Pericycle |
| Regions on stems where leaves attach are known as | Nodes |
| The stem regions between where leaves attach are called | Internodes |
| Since the parenchyma of monocot stems is not specifically localized anywhere relative to the vascular tissue, it is referred to as | Fundamental tissue |
| The study of tree rings is also known as | Dendrochronology |
| The lateral meristem that produces new secondary xylem and phloem in a woody stem is called the | Vascular cambium |
| The lateral meristem that is responsible for generating new layers of periderm and phelloderm is the | Cork cambium |
| In a woody stem the older, darker, more centralized xylem tissue that no longer conducts water is termed | Heartwood |
| In a woody stem, the newer, lighter, more peripherally located xylem that still transports water is called | Sapwood |
| Ruptures in the periderm are known as | Lenticels |
| The structures located in the apical meristem region that will eventually develop into leaves are called | Leaf primordia |
| The broad, flat portion of most leaves is called the | Blade |
| the thinner “stalk” portion that attaches the leaf to the stem is called the | Petiole |
| The region of cells that undergoes apoptosis to disconnect the leaf from the stem when leaves are shed in the fall is known as the | Leaf abscission zone |
| The photosynthetic middle portion of a leaf is known as the | Mesophyll layer |
| In dicot leaves the mesophyll layer is divided into two distinct portions, the upper layer consisting of more uniform, regularly arranged cells called the | Palisade layer |
| In dicot leaves the mesophyll layer is divided into two distinct portions, the lower layer made up of more irregularly shaped and spaced cells called the | Spongy layer |
Created by:
MaddieIcekamp