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What is the primary purpose of the track? To support and guide trains, distribute forces, maintain gauge, provide running surface, and ensure drainage.
What are the two main running rail types on LU? Bullhead (BH) and Flat Bottom (FB).
Standard LU gauge on plain line? 1435mm.
Why is conicity important? Allows self-steering, reduces wear, stabilises running.
Main sleeper types on LU? Softwood, hardwood, composite, prestressed concrete.
Purpose of ballast? Distributes loads, restrains sleepers, provides drainage.
Key property of granite ballast? Hard, abrasion-resistant, long-lasting.
Three welded joint types used on LU? Flash-butt, aluminothermic, MMA (fusion).
Temperature of aluminothermic reaction? Approx. 2500°C.
Why are joints weaker than CWR? They introduce discontinuities prone to failure and alignment issues.
Function of stretcher bars in switches? Transmit movement between switch rails and maintain correct opening.
Minimum flangeway through switches? 50mm.
Typical toe opening range? 105–160mm depending on point machine.
Function of a check rail? Prevents flange climbing on tight curves.
Definition of a common crossing? Section where wheels cross a rail gap, dropping into the nose and climbing out.
Why is dynamic track recording needed? Shows geometry under load, revealing faults missed by static checks.
Key geometry parameters? Gauge, cant, 2m/10m twist, top, alignment.
Most derailment-critical geometry parameters? Gauge faults and 2m twist.
What is wheel unload? Reduction in vertical wheel force due to twist; high values increase derailment risk.
What is inherent geometry? Valid deviations caused by design (e.g. diamonds); must be registered.
Purpose of conductor rails? Supply traction current to trains.
What is a negative splay? Offset negative rail piece to avoid power gaps at switch toes.
Purpose of slipper boards? Carry low/hanging negative shoes safely across lead rails.
Cause of hollow tread and false flange? Uneven wear from curving forces and poor adhesion.
Why is lubrication required on curves? Reduces wear and noise.
LU braking philosophy? Continuous fail‑safe brake, deadman, tripcock/ATP.
What is a track circuit? Electrical block section detecting train presence.
What stops a train at a signal at danger? Trip arm striking the train’s tripcock.
Purpose of interlocking? Prevent unsafe point/signal combinations.
Three functional tunnel requirements? Strength/stability, watertightness, adequate clearances.
Common tunnel defects? Cracking, spalling, corrosion, water ingress, segment movement.
Cause of Lambeth Group sand failures? Water ingress mobilising sand, risking fouling and instability.
Define a wet bed. Saturated trackbed where fines migrate upward causing loss of support.
Consequences of drainage failure? Flooding, wet beds, geometry loss, signalling failures, derailment risk.
Two types of earth structures? Cuttings and embankments.
Causes of slope instability? Prolonged rainfall, shrink-swell cycles, frost shatter, flow failures.
Common derailment causes? Gauge spread, flange climb, reversed switches, broken rails, twist faults, obstructions.
What is the Y/Q ratio? Lateral force divided by vertical force; high values indicate derailment risk.
Why do depots have high derailment rates? Limited access, aging assets, hand points, no dynamic measurements.
Three derailment risk‑reduction methods? Speed restrictions, check rails, lubrication.
Inspection used for switch derailment hazards? S1176 Derailment Hazard Inspection.
Created by: NathanielAdedeji
 

 



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