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Human Bio investigat
Investigation Ethical Values
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Blood | Blood is made up of 2 parts Plasma – the liquid part ~55% blood volume. ~90% water Dissolved substances – nutrients (CHO, AA, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), Ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-), hormones, proteins and wastes |
| anonymity | The participants in the study remain anonymous even to the researchers |
| Confidentiality | Procedures need to be adopted to reinsure. The identities of the participants will not be revealed except to the people directly involved in the study. |
| Risk of harm | For some research it is difficult to ensure that there is no risk that participants will be behind but the possibility of home should be minimised the relationship between the risk and the benefits should be assessed |
| Informed consent | Participants from be fully informed of the objectives of the research the procedures to be followed any potential risks and a potential benefits, consent in written function should only be so after all information has been given |
| Voluntary participation | People should not be pressured into taking part in the research |
| Placebo effect | Patients who aregiven the placebo often show improvement in their condition even though the placebo is inactive |
| Placebo | An inactive substance that looks like the real medication |
| Control versus control group | The control is the group that has taken the placebo, |
| Emphysema | |
| Asthma | |
| Different crafts | Histograms, bar and column graph, line graphs |
| Types of errors | Human error random error, systemic error |
| Random error | Experiment, because no measurement can be made with absolute precision |
| Systemic error | Occurs because of the way in which an experiment is designed or due to problems with equipment |
| Clot formation process | 1. Vasoconstriction. Platelets find the site of injury 3. Fibrinogen protien 4 mesh |
| Inhalation | The process of taking in air from the outside environment into body (Involuntary) |
| Exhalation | The process of contracting air out of the lungs to the outside environment involuntary |
| Structural of red blood cells | Biconcave disk, with bonded haemoglobin (lack of nucleus) |
| Function of blood | |
| Antigen | Any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissue |
| Anti anti antibody | Substance produced in response to a specific antigen. It combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it. |
| Rhesus | A type of antigen |
| Plasma | |
| immunoglobulin | A group of protein antibodies are immunoglobulin |
| Autologous | A transfusion using the patient’s own blood |
| Cryoprecipitate | A blood product is it in transfusions by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly |
| Platelet concentrate | |
| Red cell concentrates | |
| Whole Blood | |
| Function of lymphatic system | A system of vessels that drain excess fluid from the tissues |
| Lymph node | oval or being shaped structure found in the lymphatic system is involved in protection against infections |
| Lymph vessels | Collect lypm from the lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels join up and eventually return lymph to the blood |
| Pneumonia | |
| Lung cancer | |
| Breathing | The involuntary process of inhalation and exhalation |
| Respiration | Respiration is the process of involuntarily taking in air via the respiratory organs to absorb the oxygen from the air into the bloodstream and to get rid of the carbon dioxide within the bloodstream, gas exchange, through expiration. |
| Blood Clotting (Coagulation) | Process that stops blood loss and prevents entry of foreign material into the bloodstream |
| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of vessel walls to reduce blood flow and limit blood loss |
| Cause of Vasoconstriction | Triggered by vessel damage and chemicals released by activated platelets |
| Purpose of Vasoconstriction | Slows blood flow and facilitates platelet adhesion |
| Platelet Plug Formation | Stage where platelets stick, activate, and clump to form a temporary plug |
| Adhesion | Platelets stick to exposed collagen at the damaged vessel wall |
| Activation | Platelets release chemical signals that recruit more platelets and enhance vasoconstriction |
| Aggregation | Platelets clump together to form a temporary platelet plug |
| Temporary Platelet Plug | Initial seal formed by platelets that partially stops bleeding |
| Clot Formation (Coagulation) | Process where clotting factors convert fibrinogen into fibrin to stabilise the clot |
| Fibrinogen | Soluble plasma protein produced by the liver that is converted into fibrin during clotting |
| Fibrin | Insoluble protein that forms thread |
| Fibrin Mesh | fibrin fibres that traps blood cells and strengthens the clot |
| Role of Fibrin Mesh | Stabilises the platelet plug and fully seals the damaged vessel |
| Clot Retraction | Process where fibrin fibres contract to pull the edges of the damaged vessel together |
| Vessel Repair | Healing process where the damaged vessel is restored and the clot is gradually broken down |
| Overall Function of Clotting | Prevents blood loss and protects against entry of pathogens |
Created by:
Im_Not_Stingy