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nervous/cardiovascul
nervous/cardiovascular study guide
| Frontal Lobe | Voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions |
| Parietal Lobe | Processes sensations of touch and assembles sensory information into a useful form |
| Temporal Lobe | processing auditory information, language comprehension, and memory formation |
| Occipital Lobe | Primary center for visual processing, interpreting information from the eyes such as color, movement, distance, and depth perception |
| Cerebellum | coordinate voluntary movements, balance, posture, and motor learning |
| Brainstem | Regulating involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep cycles |
| Diencephalon | a primary relay center for sensory information and a central regulator of homeostasis, endocrine function, and emotions |
| Corpus Callosum | facilitate interhemispheric communication, enabling the integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive information between the two sides of the brain |
| Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons) | Transmit sensory information from the body's peripheral receptors, muscles, and organs toward the central nervous system |
| Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons) | transmit electrochemical signals away from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral effectors, including muscles and glands, to initiate movement and functional responses |
| Interneurons | connect sensory and motor neurons, acting as bridges for communication |
| Myelin Sheath | increases the speed of electrical impulse transmission and maintains signal strength |
| Olfactory | I. sensory. Sense of smell |
| Optic | II. sensory. Responsible for vision. |
| Oculomotor | III. motor. Controls eyelid movements, eye movements and pupillary constriction. |
| Trochlear | IV. motor. Move the eye downward (depression), rotate it inward (intorsion), and move it away from the nose (abduction) |
| Trigeminal | V. both. Provides sensory input (touch, pain, temperature) from the entire face, scalp, and mouth, while also controlling motor functions for chewing |
| Abducens | VI . motor. Turns the eye outward, away from the nose (abduction), enabling lateral horizontal gaze. |
| Facial | VII. both. Controls facial expressions, taste, and glandular functions. |
| Vestibulocochlear | VIII. sensory. Transmitting sound and equilibrium information from the inner ear to the brain, and balance. |
| Glossopharyngeal | IX . both. Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic functions, including taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, swallowing via the stylopharyngeus muscle, salivation via the parotid gland, and monitoring carotid body/sinus blood pressure and blood chemistry |
| Vagus | X . both. Regulates involuntary, vital processes including heart rate, digestion, breathing, and blood pressure, while also controlling muscles for swallowing and speech |
| Accessory | XI . motor. Controlling the voluntary movements of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
| Hypoglossal | XII. motor. Responsible for controlling all intrinsic and most extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It manages tongue movement essential for speech, swallowing, and food manipulation |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | the body's rapid involuntary response system ("fight-or-flight"), activated during stress, danger, or exercise to maximize survival |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | restores the body to a state of calm, conserves energy, and manages daily involuntary functions |
| Spina Bifida | Defect in spinal column that protrudes outside vertebrae. |
| Cerebral palsy | Cerebral damage during gestation or birth. Lack of motor coordination. |
| Hydrocephalus | Excess of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the brain. |
| Parkinson’s (degenerative) | Degeneration of brain cells. Symptoms: Tremors, muscle stiffness & rigidity, forward posture, shuffling gait, loss of facial expression (smiling, frowning, etc.), mood swings/depression/behavior changes |
| Alzheimer’s | Progressive degeneration of neurons in the brain —Issues with memory, concentration, and behavior. |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Destroys myelin sheaths (conduction) —Weakness, tingling, fatigue, some paralysis. |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disease of motor neurons —Loss of muscle control. |
| Chronic traumatic encephalopathy | Degenerative disease. Caused by repetitive head concussions. |
| Epilepsy | Chronic recurrent seizures |
| Tourettes | Uncontrollable sounds and twitches. Caused by too many signals sent in the brain. |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges —fever, headaches, stiff neck. It’s bacterial = contagious. |
| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain due to viral infection. |
| Paralysis | loss of movement & sensation. |
| Hemiplegia | One sided |
| Paraplegia | Waist down. |
| Quadriplegia | Neck down. |
| Anemia | Too little red blood or low hemoglobin levels, which reduces oxygen delivery to organs. |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) (AKA stroke) | Happens when blood flow to the brain is impaired. |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | blood vessel in brain bleeds or bursts. |
| Ischemic stroke | Blockage of blood to the brain. |
| Aneurysm | An abnormal bulge of an artery wall, caused by weakened artery wall |
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) | Blood cannot pump at its usual capacity, and vital organs do not receive enough. Congestion occurs when blood backs up to the heart/lungs. |
| Myocardial Infarction | Heart attack—Blood flow to the heart is cut off. Circulation problem. |
| Cardiac arrest | Heart abruptly stops beating—Blood flow to the heart, brain, and organs are cut off. Electrical problem. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells. Transport oxygen from lungs to tissue and carry Co2 to lungs to be exhaled. |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells–Immune system, protect the body against infections, pathogens, and foreign materials. |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets—Clot blood and heal wounds. |
| Pulmonary Artery | Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart’s right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. |
| Pulmonary Vein | Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium |
| Systolic Pressure | Maximum force exerted by the arteries by your arteries when the heart contracts. |
| Diastolic Pressure | Pressure in the arteries while the heart rests in between beats. Force exerted when the heart is resting. |
| Normal Blood Pressure | <120/80 |
| Radial artery | Thumb side of the wrist |
| Carotid artery | Side of the neck, below the jaw. |
| Brachial artery | Inside of the arm/elbow |
| Femoral Artery | Inner Thigh |
| Popliteal artery | Behind the knee |
| Dorsalis pedis | Top of the foot |
| Posterior Tibial | Inner side of the ankle |
| Temporal pulse | On the temple directly in front of the ear. |
| O- (Universal Donor) | Can donate to all types, can receive from only O- |
| O+ | Can donate to O+, A+, B+, AB+, can receive from O- and O+ |
| A- | Can donate to A+, A-, AB+, AB-, can receive from A- and O- |
| A+ | Can donate to A+, AB+, can receive from A+, A-, O+, O- |
| B- | Can donate to B+, B-, AB+, AB-, can receive from B-, O- |
| B+ | Can donate to B+, AB+, can receive from B+, B-, O+, O- |
| AB- | Can donate to AB+, AB-, can receive from AB-, A-, B-, O- |
| AB+ | Can donate to AB+, can receive from any type |
| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | - Narrowing of coronary arteries, and buildup of fatty plaque which restricts blood flow to the heart. |
| Leukemia | Cancer of the blood-forming tissues, including bone marrow and the lymphatic system, characterized by the rapid production of abnormal, nonfunctional white blood cells. |
| Hemophilia | A rare genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factors (VIII or IX), resulting in prolonged bleeding and spontaneous bleeding into joints or muscles |
| Varicose veins | Swollen, twisted, bulging veins, usually appearing dark purple or blue on the legs, caused by weakened vein walls and damaged valves that allow blood to pool. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure. The force of blood against the artery walls. >140/90 |
Created by:
sb4