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BI102 Vertebrates
BI102 Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Echinoderms | Slow-moving or sessile Thin, bumpy / spiny skin covering endoskeleton Radial anatomy evo secondarily from bilateral symm of ancestors Water vasc sys - hydraulic canals branching into tube feet - locomotion feeding gas exchange starfish sea cucumber |
| Metamorphosis | larval stages specialized for eating and growing Maggots, grubs, or caterpillars Diff appearance from adult Pupal stage (no eating but transformation): metamorphosis Larva -> Pupa -> emerging adult -> adult |
| Deutrostome | Radial & indeterminate cleavage dev Folds of archenteron form coelom Enterocoelous dev Blastopore becomes anus Echinoderms & chordates |
| Chordates | have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord Bilaterial animals that belong to Deuterostomia Include subphylum vertebrates Two groups of invertebrates; urochordates and cephalochordates but more related to vertebrates than other invertebrates |
| Chordates | 4 shared characteristics at some point in life Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and musc post-anal tail |
| Notochord | Longitudinal, flexible rod located b/w digestive tube and nerve cord Prov skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops Adult retains only remnants of the embryonic notochord |
| Dorsal hollow nerve cord | Nerve cord of a chordate embryo Dev from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord Dev into the CNS: brain and spinal cord |
| Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts | Dev into slits that open to outside of the body Pharyngeal slits fx as suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates Modified for gas exchange in aquatic vertebrates Dev into parts of the ear, head, and neck in terrestrial vertebrates |
| Muscular, Post-Anal Tail | Chordates have a tail extending posterior to the anus Although in many species it is lost during embryonic dev Chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles Prov much of the propelling force in many aquatic species |
| Lancelets (Cephalochordata) | Marine suspension feeders Retain the characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults |
| Tunicates (Urochordata) | Marine suspension feeders commonly called sea squirts Resemble chordates most during larval stage which may be as a few minutes Adults draw in water thru incurrent siphon, filtering food particles |
| Invertebrate chordates | Lancelets (cephalochordata) and tunicates (urochordata) |
| Vertebrates | Chordates w/ backbones Origin of mineralized jaws Other common characteristics; skull, brain, eyes, and otehr sensory organs Conodot (first vertebrates to develop mineralized dental element) Jaws modified skeletal rods from gill slits |
| Hagfishes (class Myxini) | Jawless marine craniates Have a cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord Slime glands Reduced vertebrae |
| Lampreys (class Petromyzontida) | Oldest living lineage of verts Jawless; cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord Inhabit various marine and freshwater habitats |
| Gnathostomes | All vertebrates w/ jaws outnumber jawless verts Evo from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits Made possible by duplication of Hox genes Enhanced sensory systems, including lateral line sys Extensively mineralized endoskeleton paired appendages |
| Chondrichthyans | Have a skeleton that is composed primarily of cartilage evolved secondarily from an ancestral mineralized skeleton Sharks (blacktip reef), rays (southern stingray), and relatives |
| Osteichthyans | Vast majority of vertebrates Nearly all have a bony endoskeleton Aquatic osteichthyans - Vertebrates informally called fishes Cntrl buoyancy w/ swim bladder (air sac) |
| Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii) | Include nearly all the familiar aquatic osteichthyans, fins supported mainly by long, flexible rays Modified for maneuvering, defense, and other fx |
| Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) | Have muscular pectoral fins Coelacanths (class Actinistia) Lungfishes (class Dipnoi) |
| Tetrapods | Gnathostomes w/ limbs & feet Fins of some lobe-fins evolved into limbs and feet of tetrapods, while body retained aquatic adaptations Specific derived adaptations: Four limbs and feet with digits Ears for detecting airborne sounds |
| Amphibians (class Amphibia) | Represented by about 4,800 species of organisms Most have moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange Means “two lives” - reference to metamorphosis of aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult |
| Amphibians (class Amphibia) | Order Urodela –Includes salamanders, which have tails Order Anura - Includes frogs and toads, which lack tails Order Apoda – Includes caecilians, which are legless and resemble worms |
| Amniotes | Tetrapods with terrestrially adapted egg Reptiles and mammals 4 specialized membr in embryo; Allantois Chorion Amnion and Yolk Sac Impermeable skin Use rib cage to ventilate lungs |
| Allantois | disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes prod by embryo Membr of the allantois also fx w/ chorion as a respiratory organ |
| Chorion | Chorion and the membr of the allantois exchange gases b/w the embryo and air Oxygen & carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the shell |
| Yolk sac | Contains stockpile of nutrients Blood vessels in the yolk sac membrane transport nutrients from the yolk into the embryo. Other nutrients are stored in the albumen (“egg white”) |
| Amnion | Protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock |
| Reptiles | include tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and dinosaurs Scales for waterproof barrier Lay shelled eggs on land Most are ectothermic (Absorb external heat for body) Birds r endothermic (Able to keep warm thru metabolism) |
| Reptilian | Oldest fossils date to about 310 mya Diapsids: first major group to emerge, large stocky herbivores resemble lizards Composed of three main lineages Turtles, Archosaurs (crocs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds), Lepidosaurs (lizards, snakes, tuataras) |
| Turtles | Most distinctive group of reptiles alive today Some adapted to deserts; others live entirely in ponds and rivers All have a boxlike shell, consists of upper and lower shields that are fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs |
| Lepidosaurs | Tuatara -two species of lizard-like reptiles Squamates: lizards and snakes Lizards: most numerous and diverse reptiles, apart from birds Snakes - legless evo from lizards |
| Birds | Archosaurs but lots of reptilian anatomy has undergone modification to adapt to flight (wings and feathers) some flightless (emu) Bone contains air-filled cavities Prob descended from theropods (small carnivorous dino) Oldest known is archaeopteryx |
| Mammals | Amniotes that have hair, prod milk, and larger brain than other verts > 5k species Monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians |
| Monotremes | Small group of egg laying mammals Echidnas and platypus |
| Marsupials | Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas Very early dev completes embryonic dev while nursing w/in material pouch called marsupium |
| Eutherians | Longer pregnancy than marsupials Comeplete embryonic dev w/in uterus joined to mother by placeneta |
| Primates | Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (incl humans in anthropoids) Hands and feet adapted for grasping w/ opposable thumb Close together forward-looking eyes for depth perception Short jaws, large brain, well-developed parental care, complex social behavior |
| Extinct Primate Groups | Lemurs of Madagascar and the lorises and pottos of tropical Africa and southern Asia Tarsiers of Southeast Asia Anthropoids include monkeys and hominids worldwide |
| Hominoids | Ape primates Diverged from Old world monkeys 20-25 mya |
| Primates | First monkeys (Old World Monkeys) evo in Africa and Asia New World (South America) monkeys appeared during the Oligocene Both underwent separate adaptive radiation during separation |
| Hominids | Humans r mammals w/ large brain and bipedal locomotion Homo sapiens about 160,000 years old (young in the scheme of Earth) A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree |
| Humans compared to other Hominids | Upright posture and bipedal locomotion Larger brains Language capabilities Symbolic thought The manufacture and use of complex tools Shortened jaw |
| Hominids | Originated in Africa ~6–7 mya w/ small brain but probably walked upright, exhibiting mosaic evolution Misconceptions including thinking of them as chimpanzees and imagining human evolution as a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens |
| Homo Habilis | Earliest fossils in our genus, Homo Range in age from 2.4 to 1.6 mya Stone tools found w/ them, giving this species its name (handy man) |
| Homo ergaster | Was the first fully bipedal, large-brained hominid Existed b/w 1.9 and 1.6 mya |
| Homo erectus | Originated in Africa approximately 1.8 mya First hominid to leave Africa, making it to Indonesia Extinct 70,000 years ago |
| Homo neanderthalensis | Lived in Europe and the Near East from 350,000 to 28,000 years ago Large, thick-browed hominids Became extinct a few thousand years after the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe |
| Homo floresiensis | Hobbits Lived in caves on Flores Island in Indonesia, homo sapiens there have cultural memory (folklore) of them 3.5 feet tall, hunted dwarf elephants w/ spears Possibly evolved from Homo erectus Extinct ~10 thousand ya Recently discovered in 2003 |
| Homo sapiens | Appeared in Africa at least 160,000 ya Oldest fossils outside Africa date back ~180,000 ya ~15,000 ya in the Americas |
| Australopithecus | early hominin (ancestral relative) not "human" (Homo genus) Walked upright w/ ape-like brains and facial features |
| Archosaurs | a vertebrate of a large group that includes reptiles such as the dinosaurs and pterosaurs and is represented today by the birds and crocodilians |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr