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Period 4 (1900-now)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Zionism and the Dreyfus Affair | Zionism- Jews should return to Palestien, Dreyfus- Jewish Army captain who was falsely accused of treason in France(anti-semitism) |
| McMahon-Hussein Correspondence | series of letters exchnaged during WWI where Britain promised Arab's independance if they revolted against Ottomans |
| Arab Revolt | Supported by Britain, revolted for independance, led to decline of Ottoman |
| Balfour Declaration | British declaration stating that Palestien should be permanent home of Jews to get British dominance there, led to decline of Ottoman |
| Pan-Arabism | Policy that unifies Arabs, response to western colonialism+mandate sys |
| Mandate system | Allied ruled territories of Central powers post WWI, Britain didn't keep promise to Arabs, established by LON |
| Kemal Atatürk | Led nationalist movement against Ottoman+abolished sultan, founded Turkey (modernized+westernized) |
| Rowlatt Acts | Post WWI British laws in India (illegal to meet in large groups, imprison nationalists w/o trial), sparked Ghandi's resistance movements, contrary to promise that they would have self-gov |
| Amritsar Massacre | gathering of Indian nationalists in Amritsar, British soldiers shot at the peaceful movement |
| Mohandas Gandhi | leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule, employing nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience |
| civil disobedience | protest of a citizen through non-violent means |
| Homespun Movement and the dhoti | Homespun Movement- stopped producing textiles for Britain's market, dhoti- garment spun by hand during movement |
| Salt March | collected salt at Arabian Sea, response to Britain banning Indians from producing their own salt bc they wanted monopoly |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Founded Pakistan to separate Muslims from Hindus in India |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | First Prime minister (head of government in a parliamentary) in India, promoted industrialization |
| Sun Yat-sen | Led rev to overthrow Qing bc they were Manchus leading Han ppl, founded KMT (Nationalist Party) |
| May 4th Movement | boycott in China against Japan, (anti-imperialist) resented Japan (Britain+France who promised them land then gave it to Japan) |
| Guomintang/KMT (Nationalist Party) | Anti-communist, founded by Sun-Yat-Sen, defeated by Communists in civil war |
| Chiang Kai-shek | Led KMT after Sun-Yat-Sen during loss of civil war, pro-western |
| Chinese Communist Party (CCP) | won civil war and turned China Communist |
| Mao Zedong | Led CCP, led during long march- got support from peasants (respectfully asked for food) |
| Civil War, Long March | Civil war- initiated by CCP attacking KMT, Long March- KMT attacked CCP= retreat |
| Great Depression | economic downturn triggered by the 1929 U.S. stock market crash |
| Fascism | political ideology, dictators, militarism, subordination of individual interests for the nation |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy, first totalitarian fascist state |
| Nazis | totalitarian, Anti-semitic political party that ruled Germany, led by Hitler |
| Adolf Hitler | Lead Nazi Party after Weimar republic, initiated Holocaust, withdrew from LON, violated TOV |
| Weimar Republic | Democratic parliamentary gov in Germany after losing WWI before Hitler, weakened by Great Depression |
| Third Reich | Fascist rule of Nazi Germany, replace Weimar Republic |
| Nuremberg Laws of 1935 | Anti-semetic laws during Nazi Germany to separate Jews from society |
| Japanese Militarism and the development of Manchukuo and the Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere | Militarism- Japan an industrial power+expansion across Asia, Manchukuo- invaded by Japan for natural resources during Great Dep (colony in China), Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere- Japanese territory post WWII for resources |
| Appeasement | used by Britain and France to avoid war with Nazi Germany, gave Hitler what he wanted bc the LON couldn't control him |
| Munich Conference | Gave Hitler land if he promised to not invade Czechoslovaki, broken by Hitler |
| Sudetenland | Land given to Hitler in Munich Agreement, borders Czechoslovaki |
| Non-Aggression Pact | treaty between Germany+USSR promising not to engage in military conflict, Hitler breaks by invading USSR |
| Invasion of Poland | Germany invaded Poland, supported by USSR, caused Britain+France to declare WWII |
| Blitzkrieg | German military strategy used early in World War II, "lightning war"- surprise attacks |
| Axis Powers | Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan |
| Allies | Britain, US, France, USSR after Hitler invaded non-aggression pact |
| Pearl harbor | Japan's surprise attack on US naval base |
| Stalingrad | WWII battle where Soviet forces defeated Nazi Germany |
| D-Day | Allies invaded France (occupied by Nazis) |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting of Allied leaders during WWII to plan post-war reorganization of Europe, created United Nations |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | US bombed these Japanese cities, resulted in Japan's surrender+end of WWII |
| V-J Day | Japan's surrender announced, finalized victory of Allied powers |
| Armenian Genocide | Ottomans killed Armenian Christinas for cooperating with Russian Army (both orthodox) |
| Pandemic Diseases | soldiers came in contact with loved ones |
| Ukraine Holodomor | Farmers resisted USSR by hiding crops from the state and kept for themselves, if caught gov starved you |
| Holocaust | Genocide of Jews in Nazi Germany, industrial (killed with chemicals, brought to concentration camps in trains) |
| Asia for Asiatics | Japan forced conquered ppl into labor programs to reduce food shortages, soldiers had "comfort women" |
| Firebombing of Hamburg, Dresden and Tokyo | Allies bombed German+Japanese cities to get them to surrendered, neither surrendered |
| Declaration of Human rights | rights of ppl to prevent future genocides, created by LON |
| Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo Trials | allied powers punished military leaders (German+Japanese) for war crimes + crimes against humanity |
| Slobodan Milosevic and Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans | Milosevic- president of Serbia, used Ethnic cleansing (forced removal ethnic ppl) as a result of Serbian nationalism |
| Rwanda | African country, Hutu ppl killed Tutsis |
| Darfur, Sudan | Genocide, Arabs targeted non-arabs, response to non-arabs revolting against gov |
| International Criminal Court | Charged president of Sudan with war crimes |
| Big Three | FDR (US), Churchill (Britain), Stalin (USSR) |
| Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences | Meetings of Big Three, Potsdam- split Germany into East (Britain, France, US) and West (USSR) where Cold War started |
| Cold War | Rivalry between US and USSR, no direct fighting but had arms race, space race, opposing alliances, proxy wars |
| Iron Curtain | ideological division of Europe into East and West |
| Satellite Countries | E European states politically controlled by USSR, countries were part of Warsaw Pact |
| Marshall Plan | US program to aid W European economies into capitalism |
| Truman Doctrine | US provided eco+military aid to nations resisting Communism |
| Hungarian Revolt and Prague Spring | Revolt- resistance of Soviet rule, Prague Spring- resistance of Communism by Hungarians and Czechoslovakians |
| NATO | Alliance between US, Canada, Western Europe, industrialized Western bloc, ensured US involvement in Europe |
| Warsaw Pact | Soviet-led military alliance of E European states in response to NATO |
| Arms Race | competition of development of nuclear weapons |
| Space Race | competition of development of technology (satellites), USSR launched 1st satellite |
| Mutual Assured Destruction | Doctrine that a nuclear attack of either US or USSR= total annihilation of both (nuclear war wouldn't end well for either side) |
| Intercontinental ballistic missiles | Long-range missiles that can deliver nuclear bombs across continents |
| The Military Industrial Complex | relationship between a nation's military, defense industries, and political leadership that reflects how permanent military mobilization= reshaped domestic economies |
| Nuclear Proliferation | spread of nuclear weapons to other countries |
| Nonaligned movement | independent nations (Egypt, India) didn't want to align with either side of Cold War |
| Containment | US policy to stop spread of Communism |
| Cuba's revolution | overthrew dictator, led by Fidel Castro |
| Bay of Pigs | US failed invasion of Cuba to overthrow Castro= Cuba alliance with Soviets |
| The Cuban Missile Crisis | USSR put bombs in Cuba, US naval blockade to prevent this, resulted in Soviet bombs removed from Cuba and US bombs removed from Turkey |
| Vietnam War | proxy war in SE Asia, US wanted to contain communism in North Vietnam, Vietnam became Communist |
| Domino theory | one country fell to communism, neighboring nations would inevitably fall |
| Invasion of Afghanistan | USSR invaded to spread Communism- unsuccessful, US supported Afghanistan |
| Detente and treaties | Detente- period of reduced tensions, treaties- limitations to regulate nuclear weapons |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | ruled Soviets during decline, established Glasnost and Perestroika=led to fail bc people wanted more freedom like ppl in West |
| Perestroika | Gorbachev's reform allows more capitalist policies to help get out of debt from cold war |
| Glasnost | Gorbachev's reform allows political criticism to modernized USSR |
| Solidarity and Lech Walesa | Solidarity: unity of ppl w common interests, Lech Walesa: Polish activist who led non-violent strikes against Communism |
| Fall of Berlin Wall | wall prevented ppl from East going West= fall, symbolized end of Cold War |
| NATO and Eastern Europe | after fall of Soviets NATO expanded East and reduced Communism |
| Effects on Cuba | eco depression bc lost economic partner (USSR) |
| Taiwan | "Republic of China" (Island- not mainland China) developed by KMT, separate entity from mainland/Communist China |
| People’s Republic of China | Mainland Communist China established by Mao Zedong |
| Great Leap Forward | Mao Zedong's campaign to industrialize China without industrialized machines, gov collectivize (connection to Stalin's 5-yr plan) |
| Communes | community where peasants lived, replaced priv farming during Great Leap Forward, gov collectivized production, didn't have industrialized tools |
| Cultural Revolution | Mao Zedong's movement to get rid of "old fours" (ideas, culture, customs, habits) to end old capitalist traditions, many were killed, used Red Guards (connection to Stalin's great purge) |
| Red Guards | youth group who carried out Cultural Rev under orders of Mao Zedong |
| Deng Xiaoping | ruled China after Mao Zedong, stopped strict collectivization, engaged in foreign trade (capitalist), kept China Communist |
| Four Modernization | Deng Xiaoping's reforms to fix China after Mao Zedong, increased agriculture, less ppl farming= factory workers, allowed priv ownership= let ppl get rich , limited capitalist practices |
| Tiananmen Square | Student led protests of Deng Xiaoping, wanted freedom of speech+democracy, violently ended by military |
| movements to redistribute land and resources in Venezuela, Ethiopia, and India | V: gov redistributed estates to small farmer, E: state controlled agriculture (became Communist= famine), I: gave land to peasants after British rule, abolished zamindari sys |
| Alsace-Lorraine | culturally mixed region between France+Germany, annexed by Germany, returned to France by TOV, re-annexed by Nazi Germany |
| Pan-Slavism | unite Slavic ppl to get independence from Ottoman+Austria-Hungary |
| militarism | prioritizing the military for advancing national interests (Britain, Germany) |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy left later) |
| Triple Entente | Britain, France, Russia (later joined by US, China, Italy) |
| The Balkan Powder Keg | ethnic ppl wanted independence from Ottoman=Ottoman lost control=independent nations fighting over land=Balkan Wars |
| Archduke Ferdinand | heir to Austria-Hungary throne, assassination sparked WWI |
| Gavrilo Princip | assasinated Archduke Ferdinand to free Slavs from Austria-Hungary rule |
| The Black Hand | organization to end Austria-Hungary rule of Balkans, violent nationalist group |
| self-determination | idea that ppl of same culture should have the right to sovereignty |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman |
| Allied Powers | France, Russia, Britain, won WWI |
| Trench Warfare | military strategy to fight from trenches |
| Total war | nation uses all resources to win war (eco, ppl-propaganda, industrial) |
| Changes in Warfare | cloud attacks=gas masks, sinking submarines, barbed wire, airplanes to drop bombs |
| Propaganda | inaccurate info to gain support from the ppl |
| The Paris Peace Conference | to establish peace after WWI (1919), resulted in TOV, created LON |
| Wilson’s Fourteen Points | proposed vision for lasting peace post WWI at PPC, only executed the creation of LON |
| League of Nations | all nations of world openly discuss conflicts |
| Treaty of Versailles | military restriction+war reparations of Germany post WWI |
| Weimar Republic | democratic gov in Russia that agreed to TOV, ended by rule of Nazis |
| Russification | forcing non-Russian populations to adopt Russian culture |
| Pogrom | state controlled riots against Jews to fuel emigration |
| Nicholas II | Last emperor of Romanov Dynasty, ruled during defeat at Ruso-Japanese War=shortages during WWI |
| Revolution of 1905 | peasants+industrial workers rebelled bc of hunger+fatigue caused from shortages after loss at Ruso-Japanese War, forced Nicholas II to create Duma, dress rehearsal: March Rev |
| Duma | house of Parliment to debate + pass laws during rule of Nicholas II |
| Soviet | "council"/"assembly", emerged during Russian Revs, forms USSR |
| Vladimir Lenin | Led Bolshevik Rev establishing USSR (marxism), led reds/Bolsheviks in civil war to prevent Czar from returning |
| Bolshevik | Marxist group in Russia (reds), won civil war against whites |
| New Economic Policy | used in USSR after Russian Civil War to recover, allowed small scale and foreign trade+priv ownership, part capitalist+command eco |
| USSR | "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", first Communist superpower |
| Joseph Stalin | Dictator of USSR, modernized using violence, led through WWII |
| Great Purge | mass killings by Stalin against those who opposed his rule |
| Gulag | labor camps where Stalin sent political opponents |
| Totalitarian state | government w absolute control over all aspects of life |
| command economy | gov controls eco activity, alongside Communism |
| five-year plan | Stalin's brutal rapid industrialization |
| Collectives | individual farm lands became state managed agriculture units, allowed rapid industrialization, peasants gave up land+forced to reach specific goal by govz |
Created by:
Mia Ierano