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ethics two
quiz two
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Act utilitarianism | judge each individual action by whether it produces the greatest overall happiness or least suffering in that specific case |
| Rule utilitarianism | follow rules that, if generally adopted, would produce the greatest overall happiness or utility |
| Jeremy Bentham | early utilitarian thinker who argued morality should aim to maximize pleasure and minimize pain |
| John Stuart Mill | utilitarian philosopher who refined Bentham’s view and stressed higher and lower pleasures |
| Moral monism | the view that there is one main moral rule or standard that should guide all moral decisions |
| Moral pluralism | the view that morality has several important duties or principles, and no single rule explains every case |
| Ross | philosopher who argued that morality is based on several prima facie duties rather than one single rule |
| Prima facie duties | basic moral duties that usually count in favor of an action unless overridden by a stronger duty in a situation |
| Duty proper | the actual duty you should perform after weighing all competing prima facie duties in a case |
| Lexical pluralism | the view that there are several moral duties, but they are ranked in a fixed order so higher ones always come first |
| Fidelity | the duty to keep promises, tell the truth, and be faithful to commitments |
| Reparation | the duty to make up for wrongs or harms you have caused |
| Gratitude | the duty to acknowledge and return kindness or benefits received from others |
| Justice | the duty to treat people fairly and give them what they are due |
| Beneficence | the duty to help others and promote their good or well being |
| Self-Improvement | the duty to improve your own character, knowledge, or abilities |
| Nonmaleficence | the duty to avoid harming others |
| Moral judgment | a decision or evaluation about what is right, wrong, good, or bad |
| Libertarianism | the view that individual freedom and self ownership matter most, so government should interfere as little as possible |
| Robert Nozick | libertarian thinker who argued people are entitled to what they earn or receive justly, and redistribution violates liberty |
| Minimal state | a state limited to police, courts, and national defense, without broader control over people’s lives |
| Moral legislation | using law to enforce moral behavior, even when no direct harm or rights violation is involved |
| Redistribution of wealth | taking money or resources from some through taxation in order to give benefits to others |
| Taxation as forced labor | Nozick’s idea that taxing a person’s earnings for others is morally like making them work for others without full consent |
| Self-ownership | the idea that each person owns their own body, labor, talents, and life |
| Contract | a voluntary agreement between parties that creates obligations or duties |
| Consent | freely giving permission or agreement without coercion |
| Marxism | the view that society is shaped by class conflict, that capitalism exploits workers, and that the economic system mainly benefits owners over laborers |
| Competition | in Marxist thought, a struggle in capitalism where workers and businesses compete in ways that often increase inequality and exploitation |
| Squeezing of labor | getting as much work and value as possible from workers while paying them less than the value they produce |
| John Rawls | thinker who argued that a just society should be designed fairly, as if no one knew what position they would have in it |
| Two Principles of Justice | Rawls’s view that everyone should have equal basic liberties, and inequalities are only allowed if they help the least advantaged and come with fair opportunity |
| Veil of Ignorance | Rawls’s method of choosing principles of justice without knowing your class, race, talents, or social position |
| Difference principle | Rawls’s idea that inequality is only just when it improves the position of the worst off |
| Moral desert | the idea that people should get benefits or burdens because they morally deserve them |
| Autonomy | the ability to govern yourself and make your own choices freely |
| Reciprocity | the idea that social cooperation should work in a fair way so people give and receive on reasonable terms |
Created by:
cb0tt