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anatomy test 2
part 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is lymph? | once interstitial tissue fluid (IF) enters the lymphatic system, it is lymph a colorless fluid containing white blood cells |
| what is the function of lymph in the human body | It collects fluids from your tissues and returns them to your blood. It carries nutrients to your cells and tissues. It also collects any harmful substances found in your cells and tissues, so your white blood cells can destroy them |
| how does lymph flow through the body? | through lymph vessels (which are formed from the union of lymph capillaries similar to veins but with thinner walls, wider lumens and more valves (one way valves) lymph movement is like venous blood movement |
| what are the names of the basic lymphatic structures? | lymph capillaries lymph vessels lymphatic trunks lymph ducts |
| lymph capillaries | microscopic close end tubes intertwined with capillaries entire system allows one way flow highly permeable and allow large molecules and cells to pass through interstitial hydrostatic pressure forces IF into lymphatic capillaries |
| lymph vessels | formed from the union of lymphatic capillaries contain lymph nodes similar to veins but with thinner walls, wider lumens and more valves (one way valves) lymph movement is like venous blood movement |
| lymphatic trunks | form from the merging of numerous lymphatic vessels and drain various body regions |
| lymphatic ducts | there are 2- from the union of several trunks right lymphatic duct- drains upper right body to the right subclavian vein thoratic/left lymphatic duct- drains upper left and entire lower body to the left subclavian vein |
| what is the cisterna chyli? | the inferior expansion/sac of the thoratic duct receives lymph from the lower body and drains absorbed fats (chyle) from the small intestine lymph collecting resovoir a dilated sac in the abdomen. It serves as a major lymphatic collecting vessel. |
| what are the peyer's patches? | small masses of lymphatic tissue found in ileum of small intestine MALT (mucosal associated lymphatic tissue) function=control bacteria that enters via small intestine play crucial role in the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria |
| what are the basic layers of the GI tract? | 1. mucosa/ mucous membrane - first inner layer towards the lumen 2. submucosa- second layer 3. muscularis externa- third layer 4. serosa/adventitia- fourth outer layer |
| what is the muscularis mucosae? | thin layer of smooth muscle within the mucosa(first inner layer of GI tract) lies between the mucosa and submucosa layers |
| how is the GI tract suspended within the abdominopelvic cavity? | by mesenteries - a "fatty apron" of peritoneum (the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs) |
| is the trachea part of the GI tract? | no the trachea is respiratory, allowing air to go to lungs for breathing -trachea is located in front of the esophagus in neck and chest components of GI tract include mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus |
| what are the basic structures and locations of the pharynx. | nasopharynx- posterosuperior to the soft palate. is passageway to the nasal and ear cavities oropharynx- posterior to oral cavity, extends inferiorly to epiglottis laryngopharynx- inferior to oroph. extends from epi. to larynx, continues as esophagus |
| where are the tonsils located? what type of tissue is it? | back of your throat, surrounding the entry to the pharynx MALT tissue ( Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) |
| what is the function of the tonsils? | to control the potential pathogens that enter the pharynx first line of defense against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose |
| name the different saliva glands. | parotid submandibular sublingual |
| what kinds of enzymes are found in saliva? | amylase- breaks down starches into sugars. lysozyme- provides antibacterial action by breaking down bacterial cell walls. |
| describe the kinds of cells that make up the lining of the stomach. what kinds of products do they produce? | mucous cells- produce mucus enteroendocrine - secrete histamine + gastrin to control digestion parietal - secrete hydrochloric acid HCl for digestion + intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption chief - secretes pepsinogen -break down proteins |
| what are the basic steps of HCL production? | HCl is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. H2O+CO2 =H2CO3 in cell Carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates into a hydrogen ion H+ and a bicarbonate ion HCO3– H+ is secreted with chloride ion Cl– to form HCL- strong acid |
| how are the stomach's proteases activated? | chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is an inactive precursor to pepsin The acidic environment made by HCL converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin. pepsin breaks down proteins into mostly peptides |
| what is bile? | -a digestive fluid produced by liver and stored in gallbladder -job is to break down fats into fatty acids so that they can be absorbed by your body through the digestive tract(duodenum) contains bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, and electrolytes |
| what is bilirubin? | yellow-green pigment in bile that is a waste product from the breakdown of hemeglobin. heme produced by the liver and excreted via feces |
| what are bile salts? | component of bile the sodium salts of cholesterol function- to emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion. |
| what is bile mixed with when it enters the small intestine? | pancreatic juices/ pancreatic enzymes come from pancreas |
| how does bile enter the small intestine? | via the common bile duct ( a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine) |
| what are the different kinds of teeth? how many do you have of each? | deciduous (baby teeth) permanent (about 32) on each side of jaw 2 incisors- chisel-like shape for biting 1 canine - fang like shape for tearing 2 bicuspids-premolars - flat surface for grinding 3 molars |
| what is dentin? how is it different from enamel? | enamel- the protective outer covering of each of your teeth dentin- deeper than enamel and extends to form the root. is calcified tissue. hard and bone-like, but distinct from bone. its not bone |
| what is an odontoblast? | specialized cell in the pulp cavity (innermost part of a tooth. leads to root canal. contains blood vessels and nerves.) that secrete dentin |
| what is a gomphosis? | a type of fibrous joint It specifically connects teeth to their sockets in the jawbone |
| what is periodontal disease? | a serious gum infection that is due to the destruction of the periodontal ligament ( attaches teeth to the surrounding alveolar bone). kinda right above the gomphosis leads to tooth loss |
| what is the importance of vitamin b-12? | Essential for red blood cell formation, preventing anemia |
Created by:
emma.thornton