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Ch. 20-22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A common age-related change in kidneys is that they: | Become slower at removing nitrogenous wastes and toxins |
| About what percentage of kidney stones pass on their own? | About 60% |
| Active Na⁺ transport in renal tubules is important because it: | Provides the gradient that drives reabsorption of many nutrients and water |
| Active transport in the renal tubules: | Moves substances against gradients and requires ATP |
| ADH increases: | Water reabsorption |
| Adult kidneys are typically about ___ long | 12 cm |
| After the renal pelvis, urine flows into the: | Ureter |
| Age-related decreases in vitamin D activation can contribute to: | Reduced calcium absorption |
| Aldosterone primarily stimulates: | Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion |
| Angiotensin II can stimulate: | Thirst, ADH secretion, aldosterone secretion, vasoconstriction |
| ACE converts angiotensin I to: | Angiotensin II |
| ANP/BNP primarily increase excretion of: | Sodium and water |
| Approximately what percentage of Na⁺ and water are reabsorbed? | 97–99% |
| Arcuate arteries: | Branch from interlobar arteries and arch around pyramids |
| Bladder capacity with age: | Decreases |
| Autoregulation helps keep GFR: | Relatively constant |
| Average adult GFR: | 125 mL/min |
| Beeturia refers to: | Pink urine after eating beets |
| Blood exits glomerulus via: | Efferent arteriole |
| Blood plasma is filtered about: | 60 times per day |
| By age 75, GFR may decrease to: | About half |
| By age 80, kidney mass loss: | About one-third |
| ANP/BNP are released in response to: | Increased blood volume/pressure |
| Changing arteriole diameter: | Alters GFR and filtration pressure |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis: | Progressive inflammation and fibrosis |
| Collecting ducts drain into: | Minor calyx |
| Cortical nephrons: | Short loops near surface |
| Cortical nephrons make up: | ~85% |
| Creatinine clearance is used to: | Estimate GFR |
| ESRD treatment: | Dialysis or transplant |
| Excess uric acid may cause: | Gout |
| Cortex extensions into medulla: | Renal columns |
| Filtered uric acid is: | Reabsorbed then secreted |
| Filtrate flows next into: | Proximal tubule |
| Filtration occurs when NFP is: | Positive |
| Glomerular capillaries are permeable due to: | Fenestrae |
| Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of: | Glomeruli |
| Dialysis is used to: | Remove wastes from blood |
| If Tm is reached: | Substance appears in urine |
| Filtrate per day: | ~180 L/day |
| In AGN, antigen-antibody complexes primarily: | Deposit in and block glomeruli |
| A condition of acidemia is termed: | Acidosis |
| A condition of alkalemia is termed: | Alkalosis |
| A decrease in plasma calcium stimulates: | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| A drop in plasma calcium concentration stimulates: | PTH secretion |
| A high plasma potassium concentration stimulates: | Aldosterone secretion |
| High-protein diet increases acid load due to: | Sulfuric and phosphoric acids |
| Amino acid breakdown produces: | Sulfuric and phosphoric acids |
| Hyponatremia causes: | Cells to swell (water enters) |
| A cause of metabolic acidosis: | Kidney disease |
| A cause of respiratory acidosis: | Airway obstruction |
| Lower pH indicates: | More acidic |
| Drinking excess water causes: | Decreased ADH |
| Kidney disease leads to: | Metabolic acidosis |
| Vomiting leads to: | Metabolic alkalosis |
| Hyperventilation causes: | Respiratory alkalosis |
| Fastest buffering system: | Chemical buffers |
| Increased potassium leads to: | Aldosterone release |
| A strong acid: | Fully ionizes and releases more H⁺ |
| A strong base: | Releases OH⁻ |
| A weak acid: | Ionizes less and releases fewer H⁺ |
| Acid-base balance involves: | Hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration |
| Metabolic imbalance is caused by: | Non-respiratory factors |
| Respiratory imbalance is caused by: | CO₂/lung problems |
| Acidemia means: | pH < 7.35 |
| Acids release: | Hydrogen ions (H⁺) |
| ADH acts on: | Distal tubule and collecting duct |
| Excess water intake causes ADH to be: | Inhibited |
| Aldosterone increases: | Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion |
| Aldosterone regulates: | Sodium and potassium |
| Alkalemia means: | pH > 7.45 |
| 30% of 2500 mL: | 750 mL |
| pH 7.28 indicates: | Acidemia (acidosis) |
| pH 7.33 indicates: | Acidemia (acidosis) |
| pH 7.36 indicates: | Normal |
| pH 7.40 indicates: | Normal |
| pH 7.44 indicates: | Normal |
| pH 7.46 indicates: | Alkalemia (alkalosis) |
| pH 7.52 indicates: | Alkalemia (alkalosis) |
| Angiotensin II thirst trigger: | Decreased blood |
| % of water intake from fluids | 60% |
| Test used for prostate screening | Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
| Genetic variation in meiosis occurs by | Crossing over and independent assortment |
| Function of dartos muscle | Adjusts testicular temperature |
| Failure of testes to descend is called | Cryptorchidism |
| Female secondary sex characteristic | Increased fat in breasts, hips, thighs |
| Oocyte number declines due to | Apoptosis |
| Male secondary sex characteristic | Thickening of skin |
| Mature follicle | Graafian (preovulatory) follicle |
| Sertoli cell function | Support and nourish sperm |
| Primordial follicle contains | Follicular cells |
| Time for follicle maturation | About 300 days |
| Secondary follicle formation | Granulosa cells proliferate, zona pellucida forms |
| Function of female reproductive organs | Provide environment for offspring |
| Prostatic secretion function | Enhance sperm motility |
| Oocytes released in lifetime | 300–400 |
| Typical sperm concentration | ~120 million/mL |
| Structure in spermatic cord | Blood vessels |
| Fertilization must occur within | Hours |
| Primordial follicles after birth | No new ones produced |
| After meiosis I | 23 chromosomes, each with two chromatids |
| Ova carry which chromosome | X chromosome |
| XY embryo develops as | Male |
| Androgens in females cause | Pubic and axillary hair |
| Developing sperm move toward | Lumen of seminiferous tubule |
| Fertilization restores | Diploid zygote (46 chromosomes) |
| Hormone for follicle maturation | FSH |
| Bulbourethral glands | Cowper’s glands |
| Bulbourethral function | Lubrication of urethra |
| Capacitation | Prepares sperm for fertilization |
| CASA evaluates | Sperm morphology (shape/size) |
| Leydig cells are | Interstitial cells |
| Haploid cells contain | One set of chromosomes |
| Diploid cells contain | Two sets of chromosomes |
| Channels to epididymis | Rete testis |
| Function of cilia in uterine tube | Move oocyte toward uterus |
| Completion of meiosis II yields | Ovum + polar body (after fertilization) |
| Crossing over occurs in | Prophase I |
| DHT is | Derivative of testosterone |
| Nitric oxide function | Dilates penile arteries |
| Female orgasm contractions occur in | Uterus and uterine tubes |
| Cytoplasm distribution in oogenesis | Unequal |
| Cell released during ovulation | Secondary oocyte (with polar body) |
| Oogonia divide by | Mitosis |
| Ejaculation depends on | Sympathetic impulses |
| Ejaculation is | Movement of semen out of urethra |
| Emission is | Movement of semen into urethra |
| Erection maintained because | Veins are compressed |
| Estrogen stimulates | Endometrial thickening |
| Female lubrication caused by | Vaginal expansion + mucus secretion |
| Fertilization occurs in | Uterine tube |
| Fimbriae function | Move oocyte into tube |
| Finger-like projections | Fimbriae |
| FSH in males | Stimulates Sertoli cells |
| Gametes contain | 23 chromosomes |
| GnRH stimulates | FSH and LH release |
| Gonads produce | Hormones and gametes |
| Somatic cells contain | 46 chromosomes |
| Follicle maturation (300 days) means | Continuous overlapping process |
| Transport in uterine tube aided by | Peristalsis |
| Primary oocytes stop at | Prophase I |
| Chronic kidney disease signs | HTN, proteinuria, hematuria, ↑BUN/Cr |
| GFR per day | 180 L/day |
| Male urethra difference | Dual function |
| Kidney stone in ureter causes | Severe pain + peristalsis |
| Kidney homeostasis role | Maintain fluid, pH, volume |
| Nephron structure | Renal corpuscle + tubule |
| NFP (50,25,15) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (52,26,16) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (55,30,15) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (60,32,18) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (62,30,22) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (64,34,18) | 12 mm Hg |
| NFP (65,35,20) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (68,32,26) | 10 mm Hg |
| NFP (70,36,24) | 10 mm Hg |
| % filtrate reabsorbed | ~99% |
| Glucose spill into urine | Renal threshold exceeded |
| High NaCl at macula densa | Afferent constriction ↓ GFR |
| Nephrons per kidney | About 1 million |
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