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Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Cell? | A cell is the smallest unit of life. Every living organism, from tiny bacteria to large elephants, is made up of cells. Cells can be different shapes and sizes, but they all perform essential functions that keep the organism alive. |
| Cell Theory | All living things are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells. |
| Prokaryotic cells... | are simple and do not have a nucleus. Bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells. |
| Eukaryotic cells... | are more complex and have a nucleus that contains genetic material (DNA). Plants, animals, and fungi are made up of eukaryotic cells. |
| Plants are autotrophs which means they... | providing their own food for energy through the process of photosynthesis |
| Animals are heterotrophs which means they... | have to find their own food source |
| Unicellular | single celled organisms |
| Multicellular | Many cells |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell that contains DNA. |
| Mitochondria | The powerhouse of the cell that produces energy. |
| Ribosomes | The site where proteins are made. |
| Cell membrane | The outer layer that protects the cell and controls what enters and exits the cell |
| Chloroplasts | Found in plant cells only, these organelles help convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. |
| Cell Wall | provides structure and protection |
| Vacuoles | stores water, nutrients, and waste products |
| Cytoplasm | The clear gel-like fluid inside of a cell made of mostly water and some salt. The other organelles are embedded in the cytoplasm. Fills all the regions between the cell membrane and nucleus. Cytoplasm carries nutrients and proteins throughout the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Structures that kind of look like a maze. A network of folded membranes that move materials throughout the cell. |
| Rough ER | when there are ribosomes attached to ER |
| Smooth ER | when there are no ribosomes attached to the ER |
| Golgi Body Or Golgi Apparatus | When proteins leave ER they go to the Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus. is the site where proteins are packaged and distributed to other parts of the cell or outside of the cell. |
| Lysosomes | are cell organelles that contain chemicals which digest waste products and worn - out cell parts. Releases material that can be used again (like a recycling center) |
| Functions for life are... | Obtain food and energy Respond to stimuli Produce offspring Grow and develop |
| Homeostasis | the ability for the cell to maintain stability |
| Interphase | The cell grows and prepares to divide. |
| Mitosis | The cell's nucleus divides, and the genetic material is evenly distributed. It creates an exact copy of the cell |
| Selectively Permeable | some substances can cross the membrane, while others cannot. |
| Active Transport | movement of materials across a cell membrane using cellular energy. Using the cells energy, transport proteins “pick up” specific molecules passing by the cell and carry them across the membrane. |
| Passive Transport | movement of dissolved materials across a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy. (Diffusion and Osmosis) |
| Photosynthesis | Plants use light energy (for example sunlight) to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to make simple sugars (C6H12O6). |
| Respiration | All organisms, including plants and animals, break down simple sugars (C6H12O6) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and release energy. |
| Waste Elimination | Organisms rid the cells of waste products that could be harmful to the cell. As waste particles accumulate in a cell, the waste will move out of the cell and be eliminated. |
| Waste Elimination | The waste particles will move from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area. |
| Diffusion | materials move across the cell membrane It occurs as materials are moved from an areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Endocytosis | the cell membrane takes particles into the cell by changing shape and engulfing the particles. Once the food particle is engulfed, the cell membrane fuses, pinching off a vacuole within the cell. |
| Exocytosis | This allows large particles to leave a cell. During this process, the vacuole surrounding the food particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. |
| Cell Wall-Plant vs. Animal Cells | Plant Cells: Have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose that provides structure and protection. Animal Cells: Do not have a cell wall; instead, they have a flexible cell membrane. |
| Chloroplasts-Plant vs. Animal Cells | Plant Cells: Contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert sunlight into energy. Animal Cells: Do not have chloroplasts and cannot perform photosynthesis. |
| Vacuoles-Plant vs. Animal Cells | Plant Cells: Typically have a large central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products Animal Cells: Have smaller vacuoles, which are more numerous, and are used for storage and transport |
| Shape-Plant vs. Animal Cells | Shape: Plant Cells: Generally have a fixed, rectangular shape due to the presence of the cell wall. Animal Cells: Have varied and more flexible shapes, which can change depending on their function. |
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