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HBS #9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 6 agents of disease? | Prions, viruses, bacteria, protists, helminths, and fungi. |
| How do prions infect? | Through consumption of contaminated meat, through contaminated medical equipment, or by getting organs from infected individuals. |
| How does bacteria infect? | Can occur through nose, eyes, mouth, a wound, by ingesting contaminated food or water, through inhaling, and through sexual contact. |
| How do viruses infect? | Can occur through touch, saliva, blood, or sexual contact. |
| How do protists infect? | Through ingestion or contaminated food or water. |
| How do helminths infect? | Through consumption of contaminated food or water, or by being bit by an infected insect. |
| How do fungi infect? | When the spores are inhaled or land on host. |
| What is the epidermis? | The thin, topmost layer of the skin that acts as a barrier against the outside world. |
| What is the dermis? | The thick, middle layer of skin that provides structural strength. |
| What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin? | The deepest layer of the skin, it acts as the body's energy storage, insulation, and shock absorber. |
| What is the difference between a first, second, and third degree burn? | First degree - epidermis is only part affected; Second degree - epidermis + dermis are affected; Third degree - Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer are affected. |
| What is occurring with sepsis? | Sepsis is the body's overwhelming response to an infection that can cause widespread inflammation, the immune system harming healthy tissues and organs, and organs failure. |
| What is occurring with jungle rot? | Severe skin infections, that are often bacterial ulcers or fungal infections, and are caused by prolonged exposure to hot, wet, and humid environments. |
| What is a lymph? | The fluid that is picked up by the lymphatic vessel and is taken back to the blood vessels. Made up of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins. |
| What is interstitial fluid? | When plasma leaks out and surrounds cells it's called interstitial fluid. |
| What is a lymph node? | They filter lymph and return it back to the blood. They filter out bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and foregin substances. |
| What is a lymphatic vessel? | Tubes that are spread throughout the body and collect lymph from tissue spaces, transport it through lymph nodes, and return it to the blood system. |
| What is the spleen? | Found on the left side of abdomen. Filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, and debris; provides a site from immune surveillance, destroy worn out red blood cells, and act as a blood reservoir. |
| What is the thymus? | Found overlying the heart, causes some white blood cells to mature and develop. |
| What are tonsils? | Tissue deep in the throat that trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens entering the throat. |
| What are Peyer's patches? | They are found in the wall of the small intestine, macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine. |
| What is bone marrow? | Produces, develops, and matures, B-cells, T-cells, plasma cells, and white blood cells. (The body's main blood cells factory) |
| What does the appendix do? | Stores good bacteria and immune cells. |
| What do lymph nodes swell? | They are actively fighting infections, bacteria, and viruses. |
| What is innate immunity? | Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that people are born with. |
| What is acquired immunity? | Specific immune defense mechanisms. It is immunity that is acquired over a lifetime. |
| What are the two types of acquired immunity? | Active immunity and passive immunity. |
| What is active immunity? | Acquired after infection and recovery or from a vaccine. |
| What is passive immunity? | Acquired by a child from its mother through the placenta. |
| What are B-cells? | They produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity. |
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