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Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bronch/o, bronchi/o | bronchial tube, bronchus |
| laryng/o | larynx, throat |
| nas/o | nose |
| ox/i, ox/o, ox/y | oxygen |
| pharyng/o | throat, pharynx |
| phon/o | sound, voice |
| pleur/o | pleura, side of the body |
| -pnea | breathing |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu- | lung, air |
| pulm/o, pulmon/o | lung |
| sinus/o | sinus |
| somn/o | sleep |
| spir/o | to breathe |
| thorac/o, -thorax | chest, pleural cavity |
| trache/o, teachea | windpipe, trachea |
| alveoli | The very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. |
| anoxia | The absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood. |
| antitussive | Medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing. |
| aphonia | Loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds. |
| asbestosis | The form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs. |
| asphyxia | The loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function. |
| asthma | A chronic, inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction and characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. |
| atelectasis | The incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax. |
| bradypnea | An abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute. |
| bronchodilator | A medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs. |
| bronchorrhea | An excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi. |
| bronchoscopy | The visual examination of the bronchi through using a bronchoscope. |
| bronchospasm | A contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut. |
| Cheyne–Stokes respiration | An irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea. |
| croup | An acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords, resulting in a barking cough and stridor. |
| cyanosis | A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood. |
| cystic fibrosis | A life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. |
| diphtheria | An acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract. |
| dysphonia | Difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty. |
| dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing; also known as shortness of breath. |
| emphysema | The progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. |
| empyema | An accumulation of pus in a body cavity. |
| endotracheal intubation | The passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway. |
| epistaxis | Bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure; also known as a nosebleed. |
| hemoptysis | The expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage. |
| hemothorax | A collection of blood in the pleural cavity. |
| hypercapnia | The abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. |
| hyperpnea | An increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements. |
| hypopnea | Shallow or slow respiration. |
| hypoxemia | The condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood. |
| hypoxia | The condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia. |
| laryngectomy | The surgical removal of the larynx. |
| laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx; also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammation. |
| laryngoscopy | The visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope. |
| laryngospasm | The sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx. |
| mediastinum | The middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes. |
| nebulizer | An electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece. |
| otolaryngologist | A physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck. |
| pertussis | A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration. |
| pharyngitis | An inflammation of the pharynx. |
| phlegm | Thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages. |
| pleurisy | An inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity; causes pleurodynia. |
| pleurodynia | A sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation. |
| pneumoconiosis | Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact. |
| pneumonectomy | The surgical removal of all or part of a lung. |
| pneumonia | A serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other liquid. |
| pneumothorax | The accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse. |
| polysomnography | The diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known as a sleep study. |
| pulmonologist | A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system. |
| pulse oximeter | An external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood. |
| pyothorax | A collection of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane. |
| sinusitis | Inflammation of the sinuses. |
| sleep apnea | A potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels. |
| spirometer | A recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath. |
| tachypnea | An abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute. |
| thoracentesis | The surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity. |
| thoracotomy | A surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment. |
| tracheostomy | The surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea in order to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing. |
| tracheotomy | An emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage. |
| tuberculosis | An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs; also known as TB, it can also affect other parts of the body. |
| upper respiratory tract | consists of the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea |
| lower respiratory tract | consists of the bronchial tree and lungs. These structures are located within and protected by the thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick), or thorax, also known as the rib cage. |
| respiratory system | supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body (Figure 7.1). Oxygen is vital to the survival and function of these cells. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body. |
| nasal septum | a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections. A septum is a wall that separates two chambers. |
| Cilia | the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris. |
| Mucous membranes | line the nose. These specialized tissues also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system. |
| Mucus | a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues. In the nose, mucus helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters. |
| olfactory receptors | nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell. They are also important to the sense of taste. |
| paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull |
| frontal sinuses | located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows. An infection here can cause severe pain in this area. |
| sphenoid sinuses, | located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision. |
| maxillary sinuses | the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones under the eyes. An infection in these sinuses can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth. |
| ethmoid sinuses | located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone. |
| pharynx | commonly known as the throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food |
| nasopharynx | This portion of the pharynx is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air and opens into the oropharynx. |
| oropharynx | the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth, The oropharynx is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx. |
| laryngopharynx | shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems, Air, food, and fluids continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus. |
| larynx | also known as the voice box, is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea |
| epiglottis | a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs. |
| trachea | transport air to and from the lungs. This tube, which is commonly known as the windpipe, is located directly in front of the esophagus. |
| bronchi | two large tubes, also known as primary bronchi, which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs |
| Alveoli | also known as air sacs, are the very small, grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. The alveoli are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Each lung contains millions of alveoli |
| lungs | the essential organs of respiration, are divided into lobes |
| right lung | is larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and inferior). |
| left lung | has only two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body. |
| mediastinum | the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs. This cavity contains connective tissue and organs, including the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes |
| pleura | a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity |
| parietal pleura | outer layer of the pleura. It lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung. The parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall. |
| visceral pleura | the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs |
| pleural cavity | the thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes. The fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration. |
| diaphragm | also known as the thoracic diaphragm, is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible. |
| phrenic nerves | stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract |
| Respiration | breathing, is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life. A single respiration, or breath, consists of one inhalation and one exhalation (Figure 7.8). Ventilation is another word for moving air in and out of the lungs. |
| Inhalation | the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward (Figure 7.8 left). This action causes the thoracic cavity to expand. This produces a vacuum within the thoracic cavity that draws air into the lungs. |
| Exhalation | the act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower. This action forces air out of the lungs |
| External respiration | the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide |
| Internal respiration | which is also known as cellular respiration, is the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues |
| otolaryngologist | also known as an ENT (ear, nose, throat), is a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck |
| pulmonologist | is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system |
| thoracic surgeon | performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus. |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out. COPD, which is most often caused by long-term smoking, is generally permanent and progressive. |
| Chronic Bronchitis | the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. An increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells results in excessive mucus production and thickening of the walls of the air passages. |
| Emphysema | the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Emphysema is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of these remaining alveoli. |
| Asthma | a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction. An asthma attack is characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. |
| Airway inflammation | the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus. This usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens. |
| bronchospasm | a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) | are among the terms used to describe the common cold. An upper respiratory infection can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses, the most common of which is the human rhinovirus. |
| Allergic rhinitis | commonly referred to as an allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus |
| Influenza | also known as the flu, is an acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Influenza is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months |
| Rhinorrhea | also known as a runny nose, is the watery flow of mucus from the nose |
| laryngospasm | the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx |
| Tracheorrhagia | bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea |
| Bronchiectasis | the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation |
| Pleural effusion | the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. This produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding. Effusion is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis. Sepsis is a systemic bacterial infection in the bloodstream. |
| Pulmonary edema | an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli. Edema means swelling. Pulmonary edema is often a symptom of heart failure |
| Pulmonary embolism | the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region. |
| Pneumorrhagia | is bleeding from the lungs |
| Bronchopneumonia | a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles |
| Lobar pneumonia | affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung. Double pneumonia is lobar pneumonia involving both lungs and is usually a form of bacterial pneumonia. |
| Aspiration pneumonia | can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs. As used here, aspiration means inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract. |
| Bacterial pneumonia | most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination. |
| Community-acquired pneumonia | (CAP) is any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic. CAP may be bacterial pneumonia or be caused by a virus or fungi. This is the most common form of pneumonia, and it can affect people of all ages. |
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia, | nosocomial pneumonia, is a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient’s defenses are impaired. Patients on a ventilator are particularly at risk. Nosocomial means hospital-acquired. |
| Walking pneumonia | also known as mycoplasma pneumonia, is a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It gets its name from the fact that the patient is often not bedridden. |
| Pneumocystis pneumonia | is an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis carinii. |
| Viral pneumonia | which can be caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias. |
| Interstitial lung disease | refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures. Interstitial means relating to spaces within or around a tissue or an organ. |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing |
| Pneumoconiosis | is any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact |
| Asbestosis | is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos |
| Silicosis | caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting |
| Lung cancer | the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung. Important risk factors for lung cancer are smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke |
| Eupnea | easy or normal breathing |
| Apnea | the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration |
| Bradypnea | an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute |
| Hyperventilation | an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety |
| Airway obstruction | commonly known as choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs. |
| Asphyxiation | a state of asphyxia or suffocation. In this life-threatening condition, oxygen levels in the blood drop quickly, carbon dioxide levels rise, and unless the patient’s breathing is restored within a few minutes, death or serious brain damage follows. |
| Respiratory failure (RF), | also known as respiratory acidosis, the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high. It is a medical emergency that can result from a chronic condition or develop suddenly. |
| Smoke inhalation | damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases. |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months |
| Bronchoscopy | the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope |
| chest x-ray (CXR) | also known as chest imaging, is a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema |
| Laryngoscopy | the visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth |
| peak flow meter | an inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack |
| Polysomnography | also known as a sleep study, measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea |
| Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) | a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer. These tests are measured against a norm for the individual’s age, height, and sex. |
| spirometer | a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath |
| pulse oximeter | an external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood |
| Sputum | phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes. |
| Phlegm | is thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages. |
| Tuberculin skin testing | a screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of PPD tuberculin (a purified protein derivative) is injected just under the top layer of the skin on the forearm. The site is checked for a reaction 48 to 72 hours later. |
| antitussive | commonly known as cough medicine, is administered to prevent or relieve coughing |
| bronchodilator | an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs. Patients with asthma use short-acting bronchodilators as needed as rescue medications, while long-acting bronchodilators are used every day to control the condition. |
| metered-dose inhaler | (MDI) administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form. A gas propellant mixes with the medicine to push it into the lungs |
| nebulizer | an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece. |
| Endotracheal intubation | the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator |
| Functional endoscopic sinus surgery | a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus. |
| laryngectomy | the surgical removal of the larynx |
| laryngotomy | a surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed |
| Septoplasty | the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum |
| Tracheostomy | the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing |
| tracheotomy | a procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage |
| pneumonectomy | the surgical removal of all or part of a lung |
| lobectomy | the surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver |
| Wedge resection | a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer. |
| Thoracentesis | the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity |
| thoracotomy | a surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment |
| Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) | the use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions. A thoracoscope is a specialized endoscope used for treating the thorax. |
| ARDS | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| CF | Cystic Fibrosis |
| ETT | Endotracheal Intubation |
| FESS | Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery |
| HBOT | Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy |
| MDI | Metered-Dose Inhaler |
| PFT | Pulmonary Function Tests |
| RF | Respiratory Failure |
| SIDS | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
| TB | Tuberculosis |
| URI | Upper Respiratory Infection |
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