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SPAUD Unit 5
Neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Soma (cell body) - neuron | Big end of the neuron |
| Axon | Transmit info away from cell body |
| Dendrite | Transmit info toward cell body |
| Myelin sheath | Made of Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) White, fatty covering that speeds up conduction process down the axon |
| Saltatory conduction | Information jumps across myelin sheath to speed up the conduction process (faster than just going through the axon) |
| Nodes of ranvier | Sections of axon that don't have myelin sheath (unmyelinated) |
| Cells that make up nervous tissue | Neurons and glial cells |
| Synaptic bulbs | Contain synaptic vesicles which contain neurotransmitters (like dopamine) Found in the synapse |
| Synapse | The end of a neuron that attaches (almost touches) dendrites of the next neuron to pass down information |
| synaptic gap | Neurons don't touch each other Neurotransmitters cross the gap Some diseases caused by to many or to few neurotransmitters |
| Sensory vs. motor information | Sensory information comes into brain Motor information goes out of brain to do something |
| Sympathetic system | Flight, fright, fight e.g. quickened heart rate, eyes dilate, etc. |
| Parasympathetic system | Nervous system at rest or calming down internal reactions |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | Sensory and motor divisions Sensory - Visceral sensory - Somatic sensory motor -Visceral motor: Sympathetic and parasympathetic - Somatic motor |
| Afferent neurons | Conduct toward the central nervous system (often same as sensory neurons) |
| Efferent neurons | conduct away from the central nervous system (often same as motor neurons) |
| Spinal cord | Everything has to go through it to get to the brain includes 31 spinal nerves |
| Spinal nerves | Come out of the spinal cord - 31 of them 8 cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar |
| Conus medullaris | end of the spinal cord that makes a sort of cone shape |
| Cauda equina | All spinal nerves coming down from the bottom - look like a tail Right under the conus medularis |
| Filum terminale | Very end of the spinal cord |
| Where conus medullaris is found in children vs. adults | Adults - L1 Children - L3 |
| Cervical enlargement vs. lumbar enlargement | Cervical - for arms Lumbar - for legs |
| Central canal - spinal cord | Has cerebral spinal fluid Little hole in the middle of "butterfly or H" |
| Dorsal median sulcus - spinal cord | Divot in the dorsal/posterior side of spinal cord |
| Ventral median fissure - spinal cord | Divot in the ventral/anterior side of spinal cord |
| Dorsal horn | "wing" on the dorsal side of spinal cord |
| Ventral horn | "Wing" on the ventral side of spinal cord |
| Dorsal root | Comes out of dorsal horn of spinal cord Where message coming from the body go through to get to brain |
| Ventral root | Comes out of ventral horn of spinal cord Where messages go through when sent from the brain to the body |
| Dorsal ganglion | little bump on dorsal root |
| spinal nerve | Where dorsal root and ventral root come together |
| Dorsal ramus | Split of spinal nerve that is dorsal Where message starts when sent from dorsal side of body to spinal cord and where message ends when coming from brain and going toward dorsal side of body |
| Ventral ramus | Split of spinal nerve that is ventral Where message starts when sent from ventral side of body to spinal cord and where message ends when coming from brain and going toward ventral side of body |
| Reflexes | Faster because everything happens at the spinal cord level and doesn't have to go all the way to the brain. |
| Withdraw (flexor reflex) | Starts with already doing something (extend arm) Message sent from (finger) to spinal cord - Splits to meet two things 1. Interneuron - Tells motor signal to stop (stop extending) 2. New motor neuron tell it to do something else (flex/pull away) |
| Polysynaptic | Multiple neurons involved (interneurons) |
| Ganglion | A group of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS |
| Nucleus | A group of neuron cell bodies within the CNS |
| Nerve | A group of nerve fibers (axons) outside the CNS |
| Tract | A group of nerve fibers (axons) within the CNS |
| Interneurons | Run in between two neurons Only in the CNS Most neurons in the brain are interneurons |
| Sensory ending | Sensitive to physical or chemical stimuli (Where signal ends when coming from the brain and where it starts when going to the brain) |
| Upper Motor Neuron | comes from motor cortex |
| Lower motor neuron | Goes directly to part that is going to do something |
| Spastic | Symptom of damage to UMN - tense |
| Flaccid | Symptom of damage to LMN - weak |
| Hyperreflexive | reflexive more easily because of damage to UMN |
| Hyporeflexive | Less reflexive because of damage to LMN |
| Disuse atrophy | Decay from not using Symptom of UMN |
| Denervation Atrophy | decay from not using but it happens quicker Symptom of LMN |
| Funiculi | An anatomical division of a large column of white matter (axons) - Dorsal funiculus - Lateral funiculus - Ventral funiculus |
| Ipsilateral | stays on the same side |
| Contralateral | Goes to opposite side / crosses |
| Dorsal Funiculus - Ascending pathways | Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus |
| Fasciculus gracilis | Comes from legs Carries two-point/fine touch information, vibration, and proprioception |
| Fasciculus cuneatus | Comes from arms Carries two point/fine tough information, vibration, and proprioception |
| Proprioception | Body's sense of where it is in space |
| Ventral spinothalamic tract | carries crude touch for arms and legs |
| Lateral spinothalamic tract | carries pain and temperature for arms and legs |
| Dorsal and Ventral Spinocerebellar | Carries information about muscle stretch to help with sense of balance and posture |
| Pyramidal pathways | Descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract |
| Corticospinal tract | Innervates skeletal muscles, activates muscles, inhibits reflexes Lateral - crosses Ventral - some of it is uncrossed - 90% crossed Myelination doesn't happen until after birth - good by the time their two |
| Corticobulbar tract | Activate skeletal muscles, inhibit reflexes for eating swallowing and speaking Mostly bilateral except for facial muscles and tongue Synapses with cranial nerves |
| Babinski reflex | tests the corticospinal tract by stroking the bottom of the foot - Curl - good - Flex - bad |
| Paralysis | Can't move at all |
| Paresis | Weaker |
| Paraplegic | Complete transection of spinal cord - only affects legs, cut under arms |
| Quadraplegic | Complete transection of spinal cord - affects both arms and legs - often damage in the neck |
| Hemisection of cord - Brown Sequard Syndrome | Half of spinal cord is damaged Loss of pain and temperature in one leg, and 2-point articulation, vibration, proprioception in the other |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of meninges |
| Protective linings and fluid | Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater 3 layers of connective tissue around all of the CNS |
| Dura mater | Strongest protective lining of CNS |
| Arachnoid mater | Delicate - spiderweb looking protective lining of CNS |
| Pia mater | very thin and vascular protective lining of CNS |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Produced in the choroid plexus Around the brain - acts as a cushion for brain, brings nutrients to brain, and removes waste from brain |
| Motor area | Strip in brain in frontal lobe |
| Sensory area | Strip in the brain in parietal lobe |
| central sulcus | divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe |
| Precentral gyrus | ridge on motor by central sulcus |
| Postcentral gyrus | Ridge on sensory by central sulcus |
| Lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) | divides temporal from the rest |
| Longitudinal cerebral fissure | Front to back on brain - divides hemispheres |
| Cingulate gyrus | Outside/covering the corpus callosum - first layer under the lobes |
| Cingulate sulcus | line between cingulate gyrus and the lobes |
| corpus callosum | Second layer under the lobes - under the cingulate gyrus Information traveling through axons from one hemisphere to the other |
| Body of corpus callosum | Middle of corpus callosum |
| Genu of corpus callosum | Front of corpus callosum |
| Splenium of corpus callosum | Back of corpus callosum |
| Fornix | One layer deeper than corpus callosum |
| Septum pellucidum | In corpus callosum right above the fornix |
| anterior commissure | Anterior connecting point |
| posterior commissure | Posterior connecting point |
| thalamus | "Core" of the brain Lots of info going to the brain synapses on it Made up of a collection of nuclei |
| optic chiasm | "X" for the eyes |
| pineal gland | just behind the thalamus |
| Superior colliculus | little bump under pineal gland - the top one |
| Inferior colliculus | little bump under pineal gland - the bottom one |
| Sylvian (cerebral) aqueduct | Tube/space between colliculi and medulla Connects third and fourth ventricles |
| third ventricle | Above cerebral aqueduct |
| Fourth ventricle | below cerebral aqueduct |
| arbor vitae | inside cerebellum - tree like |
| Vermis of cerebellum | Line in between lobes of cerebellum |
| Medulla oblongata | Out under cerebellum "tube" |
| pons | In front of cerebellum and above medulla oblongata chewing, hearing, facial expression - CN V, VI, VII, VIII |
| cerebral peduncle | Where the brainstem connects |
| mammillary body | Little bumps on bottom - tucked away |
| Lateral ventricles (first and second) | Main space under corpus callosum |
| Transverse commisure | Where sides of spinal cord connect |
| Dorsolateral sulcus | Where dorsal root comes out (not the dorsal horn - where it actually comes out of) |
| Ventrolateral sulcus | Where the ventral root comes out (not the ventral horn - where it actually comes out of) |
| Choroid plexus | Filters bloods so only cerebral spinal fluid gets through (where cerebral spinal fluid is produced) |
| Ventricles | Filled w/ cerebral spinal fluid |
| Inter ventricular foramen | narrow space where cerebral spinal fluid goes from lateral ventricles to third ventricle (connects them) |
| Hydrocephalus | Too much cerebral spinal fluid - often from blockage or tumor |
| Reticular formation | consciousness |
| Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata | Cardiac center - controls heart Vasoconstrictor Center - controls blood pressure Respiratory center - breathing Sneezing, coughing, blinking, vomiting reflexes |
| Midbrain | visual reflexes, auditory reflexes CN I, II, III, IV |
| Substantia Nigra | Part of the midbrain contains melanin which makes it look dark Produces dopamine Parkinsons can cause damage to it |
| How to remember sensory, motor, or both for cranial nerves | Some say marry money but my brother says big business makes money |
| CN I | Olfactory |
| CN II | Optic |
| CN III | Oculomotor |
| CN IV | Trochlear |
| CN V | Trigeminal |
| CN VI | Abducens |
| CN VII | Facial |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal |
| CN X | Vagus |
| CN XI | Spinal Accessory |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal |
| How to remember Cranial Nerve Names | oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacation starts happening |
| Olfactory nerve | Smell |
| Optic nerve | vision |
| Oculomotor | Eye muscle (1st one) |
| Trochlear | Eye muscle (2nd one) Comes from the other side of brain stem |
| Trigeminal | Muscles of mastication, sensory for head, neck |
| Abducens | Eye muscle (3rd one) |
| Facial | Facial muscles and most head glands, taste (2/3) |
| Vesibulocochlear | Hearing and balance |
| Glossopharyngeal | parotid gland, stylopharyngeus, taste (1/3) |
| Vagus | muscles of pharynx, larynx, and parasympathetic |
| Spinal accessory | trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, and others |
| Hypoglossal | most intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles |
| Anterior horn of lateral ventricle | The bigger side of the ventricle |
| Posterior horn of lateral ventricle | The pointy side toward back to the ventricle |
| Inferior horn of lateral ventricle | Little part of ventricle that goes downwards |
| Third ventricle | Ventricle in the middle |
| Fourth ventricle | Ventricle that is at the very bottom (most inferior) |
| Body of fornix | Part that sticks out above thalamus - main rounded part of (the part that you have to name also) |
| Choroid plexus | Red part on the fornix |
| Hippocampus | Under the thalamus - green (dark and light) by fornix part |
| flocculus | Bumps on bottom of cerebellum (little ones more lateral) |
| cerebellar tonsil | Bigger bumps on bottom of cerebellum |
| islands of Reil | Little cortexes that are hidden under the rest of the main cortex |
| Caudate nucleus | red on island of reil |
| Putamin | Less central part that makes up the lentiform nucleus |
| Pallidum | More central part that makes up the lentiform nucleus |
| Lentiform nucleus | whole red structure under island of Reil |
| Olives | Smaller lateral to pyramids on medulla |
| Pyramids | Central things going down in medulla |
| Tubercle of nucleus gracilis | Medial on the back of medulla |
| Tubercle of nucleus cuneatus | More lateral to gracilis on back of medulla |
| Lesion | Damage |
| Lesions to CN III, IV, VI | Effect ability to turn eye in different directions |
| Lesion to CN V | UMN - increases jaw jerk reflex - also weakness LMN - weakness and atrophy of chewing muscles |
| Lesion to CN VII | Sagging or paralyzed face |
| Bell's Palsy | facial nerve is compressed and causes drooping face |
| Lesion to CN VIII | Ipsilateral hearing loss and disturbances in equilibrium |
| Lesion to CN IX | Issue with pharyngeal stage of swallowing |
| Lesion to CN X | a great variety of problems "hyper-nasality" and swallowing problems |
| Lesion to CN XI | Unable to tun head away from side of lesion |
| Lesion to CN XII | Unilateral lesion - loss of tongue movement on side of lesion |
| The Diencephalon | Made up of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and Subthalamus |
| Thalamus functions | Relay point for sensory info (except smell) begin to perceive pain and temp (not localized) maintains cortical activity for sleep, waking, arousal Imparts pleasantness or noxiousness to sensations |
| Hypothalamus | Metabollism and water balance Controls autonomic nervous system expressions of emotions slep and waking regulating body temp regulation food intake regulation sexual behavior regulation |
| Basal Ganglia | Made of Corpus striatum + internal capsule Regulates movement, coordinating muscle groups for posture + walking - right muscles move Suppression of competing movements, decreasing muscle tone - wrong muscles don't move Cognitive + personality functions |
| Corpus Striatum | Made of Caudate Nucleus and Putamen |
| Internal Capsule | axons/tracts associated with basal ganglia |
| Damage to Basal Ganglia | Results in: - Involuntary movement - rigidity in muscle tone - resting tremors |
| Parkinson's - damage to Basal ganglia | rigidity and resting tremors |
| Chorea - damage to Basal Ganglia | sudden jerky and purposeless movements - caudate nucleus often damaged |
| Limbic System major components | Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Fornix |
| Limbic system functions | motivation Emotional drive (anger) Instinctual reflexes like feeding, mating, anxiety, fear Learning and memory |
| Results of damage to limbic system | Uninhibited instinctual behavior - eating and sex drive Short term memory loss excessive fear and irritability |
| White matter of cerebrum | Projection fibers Association fibers Commissural fibers |
| Projection fibers | Corona radiata and Internal capsule Connect cortex with distant locations outside cerebral cortex - in brain |
| Association fibers | Ucinate Fasciculus and Cingulum Interconnect cortical regions of same hemisphere |
| Commissural fibers | Corpus callosum and anterior commissure Connect location in one hemisphere to the corresponding one in the other hemisphere |
| Cerebellum (function and results of damage) | balance, posture, fine-tuning movements and cognition Damage - ataxia (like drunk), loss of balance |
| Agenesis of corpus callosum | Born without corpus callosum Acts similar to Autism |
| The telencephalon | Cerebral hemispheres Gyri Sulci Fissures |
| Gyri | the folds/bumps of the cerebral cortex |
| Sulci | The intervening grooves between the gyri |
| Fissure | A cleft that separates large components of the brain |
| Gall Phrenology | psuedo-science Idea that bumps on head tell about a person |
| Frontal lobe | Higher level thinking Executive function - planning and intuition Contains primary motor cortex and Broca's area |
| Parietal lobe | Contains angular gyrus and sensory cortex |
| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory area, wernicke's area |
| Island of Reil | memory and cognition, addiction |
| Occipital | Primary visual cortex |
| Cytoarchitecture | how the nervous tissue is made up |
| Hemisphere specialization / lateralization | Left Hemisphere - 95% of right handed people of have speech primarily in LH and 70% of left handed people - Also language, math, and logic is generally in LH Right Hemisphere - Pragmatics, music, emotion, social recognition |
| Pet scan | Blue - little activity Green - little more activity Red - most activity |
| Circle of Willis | Supply of blood to the brain that goes in a circle - important because if there's a blood clot, blood can go the other way around. |
| Middle cerebral artery | Goes to parts of brain involved with language and speech Part of the circle of willis |
| How fast blood loss can cause damage to brain | 4-6 minutes |
| Ions | Atoms that have either lost or gained an election - like an electrical charge |
| Concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of molecules on one side tf a membrane from the concentration on the other side |
| Permeability | The ease with which ions may pass through a membrane - naturally it wants to be even |
| Passive mechanism | Diffusion according to the concentration gradient - takes no energy - automatic |
| Active mechanisms | Ion pumps move Na (sodium) and K (potassium) ions against the concentration gradient - need energy from ATP to work |
| Action potential | a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequaely to permit ion exchange Gates open as sodium (Na+) comes in - going down the axon like a domino effect |
| Threshold level | a critical level which, if reached, will produce a sudden change in the membrane polarity for Na+ ions -55mV - once it can reach this, action potential happens no matter how big or small the stimulus |
| Depolarization | When the threshold level is reached, the Na+ ion gates open and allow a large number of Na+ ions to flood in and raise the intercellular potential to +30-50 mV |
| Neuron at rest | There are 30 times as many K+ ions inside than outside and 10 times as many Na+ ions outside than inside Concentration gradient is -70mV |
| Repolarization | The K+ channels open and K+ ions go out of the intercellular space to make it less positive |
| Absolute refractory period | The point that the neuron can't fire/be stimulated right after it fired |
| Hyperpolarization | the Na+ gates close and the sodium-potassium pump removes most of the Na+ in the cell and increases the K+ ions to bring it back to at rest Sodium-Potassium pump needs ATP to work - active mechanism |
| How a neuron sends messages (short answer) | - Neuron at rest - Stimulus - threshold level - Depolarization - Action potential - Repolarization - Hyperpolarization - Absolute refractory period - Back to Neuron at rest - via sodium potassium pumps |
| Dysarthria | A speech disorder arising from paralysis, muscular weakness, and dyscoordination of speech muscles Flaccid and Spastic dysarthria |
| Flaccid dysarthria | muscular weakness and hypotonia arising from LMN damage Fasciculations - involuntary twitching (especially in tongue) Lose muscle tone |
| Spastic dysarthria | an inability to execute skilled movements and muscle weakness brought about by bilateral damage to UMN of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways Hyperreflexia |
| Hyperkinetic dysarthria | Damage to basal ganglia To much movement |
| Hypokinetic dysarthria | Damage to substantia nigra Not enough movement |
| Apraxia | A deficit in the motor programming of articulatory movements - no muscle weakness or paralysis Issue with sound patterning and prosody - programming sounds in the right order |
| Broca's aphasia | no syntax, less words - issue ordering - no issue comprehending Know that they want to say - often causes frustration when they have trouble |
| Wernicke's aphasia | has syntax, but doesn't make sense - Not the right words - trouble understanding, don't realize that they're not making sense |
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