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Special Senses Test3
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vision Accessory Organs | eyelids, Lacrimal Apparatus |
| Conjunctiva | Outer layer around eye that folds in to keep a barrier to the outside environment |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | The tear ducts above the lateral side of the eye, drains down and across the bottom of the eye into the sinus. |
| Eye Anatomy, 3 tunics | Outer tunic/Fibrous Tunic, Middle Tunic/Vascular Tunic, and Inner Tunic/Nervous Tunic |
| Outer Tunic/Fibrous Tunic | Collagen fibers. Cornea, aids in refraction. Sclera, protective, holds eye shape along with vitreous humor. |
| Middle Tunic/Vascular Tunic | Choroid coat, melanin-rich Ciliary body, ciliary muscles, accommodation. |
| sympathetic activation of the ciliary muscles on the lens | stretch to thin the lens to see far |
| Parasympathetic activation of the ciliary muscles on the lens | tighten in to make lens thicken to see close |
| Suspensory Ligaments | The ligaments that suspend the lens all around like a trampoline is suspended tight by springs equally |
| Epithelium holding the suspensory ligaments does what two things? | Move the suspensory ligaments and produces Aqueous humor |
| How does the epithelium under the suspensory ligaments make Aqueous humor? | The epithelium is supplied blood via the vascular middle tunic, which it then filters like the choroid plexus in the brain, sending it up and over the iris to drain behind the cornea. |
| How does the lens form? What is it made of? | The lens is transparent, elastic epithelium. Made of crystalline, it adds layer upon layer as we get older, which is the cause of loss of elasticity in the lens as we age. |
| What is cataract? | Loss of transparency in the lens |
| Iris | Part of the middle tunic, connective and smooth muscle to control the pupil size. Made up of two muscle rings |
| Pupil | hole in the Iris for light to pass through like an aperture. |
| Parasympathetic iris | Sphincter pupillae contracts, pupil size decreases, in the case of bright light or close up. |
| Sympathetic Iris | Dilator pupillae contracts outside, pupil size increases, in the case of low light or distant viewing. |
| Two muscle rings of the iris. | Dilator pupillae, like a radial outer ring. Sphincter pupillae, circular muscle, inner ring. As name suggests in each, dilator to dilate, sphincter to close. |
| Inner Tunic/Nervous Tunic | The Retina |
| The Retina, Nervous Tunic is..? | Continuous with the optic nerve, contains photoreceptors, the rods and cones. |
| Rods, what colors, how receptive, found where? | Gray tones, B&W, more receptive than cones. Found in the rest of the retina, but not where the target goes. |
| How many Rods in the eye? | 100 million per eye |
| Cones are sensitive to which three colors? | red, green, and blue. |
| how many cones are in each eye? | 3 million each |
| Where to find cones? | dense within the fovea, where the target is. |
| Macula Lutea with fovea loss causes | a spot of eyesight loss in the vision. This area is found in the target area above the optic disc |
| Optic disc AKA blind spot | No rods or cones here, where optic nerve attaches to the back of the eye. Brain uses both eyes to make up for this, so we don't see blind spots |
| Vitreous Humor | Glasslike, protein-rich fluid to maintain eye shape. |
| Image formation, what is refraction? | bending of light when going through multiple medias, like a spoon in a cup of water bends the shaft off, but only visually. |
| Stereoscopic or Binocular Vision | Side both eyes can see, fixation point in the middle, and spot only right or left eye can see. Brain fixes the two images together into one. 3D view, depth perception |
| Myopia | nearsighted |
| Hyperopia | Farsighted |
| Emmetropic | normal vision, eye shape normal with focal plane |
| Myopic eye | Eye too long, past focal point. need lens to spread out light rays to correct it. Corrective lens looks like a column with a shallow bite taken out of the side facing the eye. |
| Hyperopic eye | Eye too short, in front of focal point. Need lens to narrow the light rays to be able to correct it. Corrective lens looks like a football. |
| How many olfaction (smell) receptors? | 10-100 million |
| Chemoreception, what two senses go hand in hand together? | Olfaction and gustation |
| What are in the nose for smell? Stick out of the Olfactory epithelium. | Cilia for olfaction, chemoreceptors, only spot nervous system is outside the body. |
| How many taste buds in gustation? | 10,000 |
| Taste buds are made up of what? | Modified epithelium with nerve endings |
| Taste bud diagram | Gustatory hair, small opening for particles to travel through, go down to nerve endings near bottom |
| Two reflexes of digestion triggered by taste | saliva release, gastric juice release |
| The outer ear is | Everything externally to the tympanic membrane |
| Job of outer ear | Direct sound from Auricle/Pinna into the External Acoustic Meatus |
| Tympanic Membrane is the? | ear drum |
| Middle ear is | after tympanic membrane into tympanic cavity. Contains the ossicles |
| Three auditory ossicles are? They do what? | Malleus, Incus, and Stapes. Amplify sound and transmit to the inner ear via stapes. |
| The stapes job is to | Transmit and amplify vibrations to the oval window |
| Tympanic Reflex is the ear's | response to loud sounds |
| How does the tympanic reflex work? | the tensor tympani muscle attaches to the Malleus to stifle sound. The stapedius muscle attaches to the stapes to muffle sound here too. |
| Two muscles in the ear? (tympanic membrane's bone and stapes) | Tensor Tympani and Stapedius muscles |
| Pharyngotympanic tube | Why can't we just be normal and call this a Eustachian tube? Think of the name, and a tube that goes in-between. Boom. |
| The flap in the pharyngotympanic tube does what? | Allows equalization of air pressure |
| The inner ear is also called? | The labyrinth |
| Two labyrinths of the inner ear? | Bony and Membranous labyrinths. |
| Two fluids of the inner ear? | Perilymph and Endolymph |
| Divisions of the cochlea, 3 scala (VeT, VMT) (PEP) | scala Vestibuli-perilymph scala media-aka cochlear duct)-Endolymph Scala Tympani-Perilymph |
| VeT, VMT | Vestibuli Endolymph, media Tympani |
| PEP | Perilymph Endolymph Perilymph |
| Organ of Corti, where and what? | In between the scala media and scala tympani, responsible for sounds vibration turned into electrical signals |
| How sound works in ear | Sound vibrates tympanic membrane, ossicles amplify, stapes sends pressure waves into the oval window, waves then travel through cochlea to tectorial membrane, making outer hair cells send action potentials |
| Frequency of vibrations | Match how far they go. Higher pitched don't go as far as lower pitched. |
| Unneeded sound travels through the? | tectorial membrane back out to the round window back into air in the tympani cavity. |
| Tectorial Membrane | Membrane above outer hair cells in cochlea that ripples |
| Outer Hair Cells | Hairs under tectorial membrane that send action potentials |
| Vestibule two parts | utricle and saccule |
| Macula means | spot |
| Macula of utricle | side that semicircular canals are on, vestibule side |
| Macula of saccule | cochlear side |
| Movement of Macular hairs to convey what information? | Tilt like a balloon in Mark Robers car, fluid motion to help brain know how head tilt is. |
| dynamic equilibrium of semicircular canals, 3 sets of ampullae. What is ampullae? | The bulbous ends of the canals |
| What is the cupula in endolymph | extension of stereocilia that flows at the ampullae, same Mark Rober car balloon fluid motion. |
| Equilibrium isn't just the vestibule and semicircular canals. What other two things are used in equilibrium? | The eyes and proprioception! |
| Fovea is where and surrounded by what? | Where target is, surrounded by Macula Lutea |
| What is the Tarsal Glands? What do they produce? | The Tarsal glands are specialized sebaceous glands that produce meibum to prevent tear evaporation and lubricate the eye |
| What is meibum? | oily substance made by tarsal glands |
| Glaucoma | Poor drainage of aqueous humor leads to high pressure in the eye which causes this, damage to the optic nerve. |
| What is the correlation between Vitamin A and Rhodopsin? | Vitamin A helps make Rhodopsin |
| What does Rhodopsin do? | Help us see in low light levels |
| otoliths | calcium carbonate crystals in the ear |
Created by:
JoshuaB5