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A&P Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| During which process of bone development does the bone develop from a fibrous membrane? | Intramembranous ossification |
| What is the layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity? | Endosteum |
| Ossification of the ends of long bones ______. | Is produced by secondary ossification centers |
| The cells that can build the bony matrix are known as which of the following? | Osteoblasts |
| Identify if the following statement is true or false: In myelinated axons, the voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. | True |
| Where do most local potentials form in a neuron? | The dendrites and soma |
| Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from | either the entrance of an anion or the exit of a cation. |
| Which of the following are found in all regions of a neuron's plasma membrane? | K+ leak channels |
| A local change in voltage at the motor end plate, resulting from the opening of ligand-gated ion channels is called | End-plate potential |
| In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________. | depolarization of the plasma membrane |
| Repolarization is associated with _______ the cell. | Potassium exit out |
| In hyaline cartilage, the cells that produce new matrix are called this: | Chondroblasts |
| A mutation in the SCN9A gene causes a loss-of-function in the NaV1.7 channel. Which of the following best describes the effect on a pain neuron? | The depolarization phase of the action potential is inhibited |
| The primary function of calcitonin is to: | Lower blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption |
| The resting membrane potential is restored when | K+ ions diffuse out of the cell |
| Red bone marrow is characterized by its ability to produce: | RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets |
| A researcher studying growth plate disorders is most likely focusing on abnormalities in which process? | Endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate |
| Botox prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, what is the immediate consequence on the muscle's action potential? | The muscle action potential is not generated |
| Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci, and is known for its high tensile strength? | Fibrocartilage |
| What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? | γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
| The fontanelles (soft spots) in an infant’s skull eventually close through which process? | Intramembranous ossification |
| Which of the following is NOT a target site for PTH action? | Liver |
| Which of the following is a physical finding in children with chronic untreated Growth Hormone Deficiency? | Slow growth rate / small stature |
| A nurse is reviewing the chart of a patient with a "compound fracture." What does this term indicate about the injury? | The bone has pierced through the skin |
| Which of the following best describes the structural role of phosphate in bone? | Provides compressive strength and hardness. |
| Cartilage growth that occurs from within, involving the mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes, is called: | Interstitial growth |
| In neuropharmacology, drugs that block voltage-gated sodium channels (e.g., lidocaine) prevent: | Generation and propagation of action potentials |
| If a fracture occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone, the structure that forms between the ends of the bone as well as the medullary cavity is called this: | Internal callus |
| During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? | No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. |
| This hormone, which is secreted by the anterior pituitary, increases bone growth by stimulating interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth: | Growth |
| Which of the following is a common, distinct structural change in the spine caused by vertebral fractures in osteoporosis? | Kyphosis |
| Because of the sodium-potassium pump, there are: | more K+ inside the cell than outside and Na+ outside the cell than inside |
| Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission? | Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitters by exocytosis. |
| The resting membrane potential results when the tendency for these ions to diffuse out of the cell is balanced by their attraction to opposite charges inside the cell: | K+ |
| This hormone stimulates an increased number of osteoclasts which increases blood calcium levels: | Parathyroid Hormone |
| Hyperpolarization at the dendrite can be caused by this: | Opening of Cl- gated channels |
| Calcium channel blockers (like verapamil) reduce neurotransmitter release because: | Calcium entry triggers vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane |
| This kind of tissue has many small spaces, is found mainly in the epiphysis, and is arranged into trabeculae: | Spongy bone (Cancellous) |
| Bone remodeling involves all of the following except: | Bone fracture |
| Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding long bone structure? | The medullary cavity contains red bone marrow in adults. |
| When a fracture is healing, these cells move into the fracture site and tear down the damaged bone: | Osteoclasts |
| The flexible strength of bone is attributed to this: | Collagen fibers |
| What are the 5 different types of bone structures | Short Long Flat Irregular Sesamoid |
| What are the plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes | Periosteum (outer layer) and Endosteum (inner layer) |
| What is another name for the Epiphysial plate | Growth plate |
| What is the Epiphysial plate | area of hyaline cartilage that separates epipyses and diaphyses of children’s bones |
| As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in, | osteoblasts become osteocytes. |
| Which of the following hormones primarily functions to raise the blood calcium levels? | Calcitriol |
| Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)? | The intracellular environment is negatively charged. |
| The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________. | resorption |
| After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents remaining ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? | Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the ACh. |
| Which of the following is the area where longitudinal growth of the bone takes place? | Epiphyseal plate |
| In which region of a neuron is the first action potential generated? | Trigger zone |
| During which of the following does the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions? | Depolarization |
| What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction? | The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na + increases. |
| Relaxation of a muscle contraction is an energetically active process. True or False | True |
| In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization? | Hyperpolarization of the membrane |
| Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus. | graded |
| During which of the following phases will a neuron trigger a response when an exceptionally strong stimulus is applied? | Relative refractory period |
| In an action potential, diffusion of potassium ions across the cell membrane results in | Repolarization |
| Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth. True or False | False |
| Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as__________. | appositional growth |
| Where can compact bone be found within the skeletal system? | Surrounding the spongy bone tissue of our flat bones. |
| During which of the following phases will a neuron not respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong the stimulus is? | Absolute refractory period |
| Saltatory conduction is made possible by which of the following? | The myelin sheath |
| Identify if the following statement is true or false: The all-or-none phenomenon, as applied to nerve conduction, states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place. | False |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for skeletal muscle contractions? | Motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR |
| True or False: An action potential never occurs in dendrites. | True |
| A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ________ the resting membrane potential. | less negative than |
| During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to active sites on which of the following ? | Actin |
| When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from ~+35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is __________. | repolarizing |
| Continuous conduction of an action potential occurs only along | unmyelinated axons. |
| In skeletal muscle, the creation of a(n) ________________ stimulates opening of near-by _____________ to begin waves of action potentials along muscle cell membranes. | End-plate potential; voltage-gated ion channels |
| Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? | Voltage-gated potassium channels |
| A traveling wave of electrical impulses is known as a(n) __________. | nerve signal |
| The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged | open state of voltage-gated potassium channels. |
| Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________. | DNA synthesis |
| Which of the following are the cells responsible for the earliest stages of endochondral ossification? | Chondrocytes |
| The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented in which direction? | Along the lines of stress. |
| What helps bone resist compression? | Hydroxyapatite |
| The cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are known as which of the following? | Osteoclasts |
| The small channels that radiate through the matrix of the bone tissue are known as which of the following? | Canaliculi |
| The layers of bony matrix are known as which of the following? | Lamellae |
| To stimulate skeletal muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft. | synaptic vesicles |
| An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following? | Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane |
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