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Biology 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 components of a nucleotide | base, sugar, phosphate backbone |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | in plasma membrane, contains variety of different molecules that is selectively permeable |
| What is protein denaturing? | Change of protein shape |
| How can protein denaturing happen? | Heat change, pH, chemicals |
| What is the results of protein denaturing? | Can be loss of function |
| Saturated Fats | meats, butter, no double bonds, solid at room temp |
| Unsaturated Fats | oils, plants, double bonds, liquid at room temp |
| Level 1 of Protein Structure | primary- sequence of amino acids |
| Level 2 of Protein Structure | secondary- hydrogen bonds repeating- sheets/helixes |
| Level 3 of Protein Structure | tertiary- overall shape of a polypeptide |
| Level 4 of Protein Structure | quartenary- two polypeptide chains from one macromolecule |
| What are the two storage polysacchrides? | starch and glycogen |
| Starch | plants, glucose monomers |
| Glycogen | animals, stored in liver and muscle cells |
| What are the two structural polysacchrides? | cellulose and chitin |
| Cellulose | major component of the tough wall of plant cells |
| Chitin | another structural polysacchride, found in exoskeleton |
| What is the Central Dogma of Biology | DNA to RNA to proteins |
| Dehydration Reaction | 2 monomers bind together due to loss of H2O |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | Dissembles polymers with addition of H2O |
| What does vascular mean? | tube-like cells- xylem and phloem |
| What are the advantages of being vascular? | taller and transports materials, better light |
| What are the two main groups of leaves? | microphyll and megaphyll |
| microphyll | rare and tiny |
| megaphyll | vascular tissue |
| What are the two main groups of seedless vascular plants? | lycophytes and monilphytes |
| lycophytes | club mosses, spike |
| monilphytes | ferns, horsetails |
| What are the two main groups of flowering plants? | monocot and eudicot |
| What are two traits that help plants retain water? | stomata and cuticle |
| stomata | opening/ close to prevent water loss, opens for gas exchange |
| cuticle | waxy coating to prevent water loss |
| What's another name of gymnosperms? | naked seeds |
| What are ways fungi influences our lives? | medicine, food, poison |
| Compare/Contrast Septate Hyphae/ Aseptate | septate- holes/seperated aseptate- no holes/ not seperated |
| Plasmogamy | fusion of cytoplasm |
| Karyogamy | fusion of nuclei |
| How it's related to fertilization | both processes to complete fertilization |
| What are the two types of mycorrhizae? | endo and ecto |
| Endomyorrhizae | into cell |
| Ectomyorrhizae | between the cells |
| Ergots | plants-rye-LSD like compounds |
| Cordyceps | fungus that attacks insects, take over the nervous system |
| How do fungi get energy? | they get energy from their environment |
| What do we call fungi? | heterotrophic absorbers |
| What are the three main categories of fungi energy aquisition? | saphrophytes, parasites, and symbionts |
| Saphrophytes | decomposing |
| Parasites | energy from host |
| Symbionts | cooperating Lichens |
| What are the two sets of reactions in photosynthesis? | Light and Carbon Fixation |
| Light Reactions | energy from light |
| Energy Fixation Reactions | CO2 makes bigger molecules |
| What color of light doesn't absorb well? | green wavelengths |
| 2 groups of fungi | ascomycetes and basidomycetes |
| Ascomycetes | yeast, dutch elm disease, named by reproductive structure |
| Basidiomycetes | mushrooms |
| What observation would indicate that an organism lacks photsystem II? | It doesn't produce O2 in the light |
| What process would be most affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctered so the membrane isn't seperated from the stroma? | synthesis of ATP |
| Why photosynthesis using C4 or CAM systems may be described. as a metabolic compromise? | Both pathways minimize photorespiration but also expend more ATP in the process of carbon fixation |
| What molecule is split during the light reactions to form the O2 that is released from plants? | H20 split into O2 and H ions |
| What is shuttled between Photosystem I and Photosystem II? | High energy electrons are shuttled, PS II is first |
| What are the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle? | 1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration |
| What do lights reactions convert light energy into? | A. Sugar B. Chemical Energy C. Carbohydrates D. Water |
| Name a nonvascular plant. | Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts |
| What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm? | Gymnosperm: Naked seeds (pine and fir) Angiosperm: Seed is enclosed (fruits) |
| What is the difference between seeds and spores? | Seeds: multicllular, remain dominant for many years, have stored food to nourish growing seedlings Spores: single cells, shorter-lived, usually drop closer to the parent, no stored food to nourish growing seedlings |
| What are the three benefits of plants moving to land? | unfiltered sunlight, more CO2, nutrient rich soil |
| What do lights reactions convert light energy into? | Chemical energy |
| What are the two classes of polysaccharides? | energy storage and structural |
| What are the four phyla of plants, and which one is the phyla classified as the "naked seeds"? | Nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The "naked seeds" are the gymnosperms which consist of conifers. |
| What are proteins made of? | amino acids |
| True or False: The seeds in gymnosperms develop within cones. | false |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | Within the chloroplasts, specifically on the thylakoid membrane |
| True or False: Photorespiration is a type of photosynthesis. | False |
| Carbohydrates | monosacchrides, simple and complex, starch, cellulose, chitin |
| Lipids | no true polymers, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, |
| Phospholipids | hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads |
| Protein | amino acids, polypeptides |
| Nucleic Acid | store, transmit, and express hereditary information, DNA and RNA, consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and one or more phosphate group |
| T/F: Spores are multicellular. | False, Seeds are multicellular while spores are single cells |
| Why are fungi unique in how they get energy? | Digestion occurs on the outside of the body. |
| Which statement describes the difference between xylem and phloem in vascular plants correctly? | Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports organic materials like sugars |
| Which statement about eudicots is correct? | More than two-thirds of angiosperms are eudicots |
| Which statement about chlorophyll is correct? | Chlorophyll is embedded in protein complexes within the thylakoid |
| Why does photorespiration increase in plants under hot conditions? | Stomata close to conserve water, causing oxygen to build up and carbon dioxide to decrease inside the leaf |
| Describe the sporophyte phase in seedless vascular plants. | It is the dominant phase; typically larger and more complex than the gametophyte phase. Produces spores through meiosis in sporangia, facilitating reproduction and dispersal in various environments. |
| What role does the pollen grain play in seed plant reproduction? | It develops into a male gametophyte enclosed within a protective wall. |
| Which group of fungi is characterized by club-shaped reproductive structures? | Basidiomycetes |
| What role do chlorophyll molecules play in the process of photosynthesis? | Absorbs light energy to excite electrons. |
| During which stage of the Calvin Cycle does the formation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) occur? | Reduction |
| What are the differences between a shoot system in plants and a root system? | -shoot system: leaves perform photosynthesis and the gas exchange -root system: roots anchor the plant in the soil, and absorb water and minerals from the soil. |
| What does Vascular mean? What are the two types we are covering, and what are the advantages? | Vascular: tubelike cells: xylem and phloem, and the advantages are taller spores, transportation of materials, and a wider spore spread. |
| What did plants originate from | green algae |
| Why did seed plants develop reduced gametophytes? | To help plants cope with drought and UV radiation. It allowed them to move away from dependency on water. |
| What are four types of modified leaves? | Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels |
| enzymes | -these are specialized macromolecules that speed up or catalyze chemical reactions |
| Nonvascular plants | Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue, so they Do not have an efficient transport system, and stay small and usually live in moist environments |
| Seedless vascular plants | Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue (can transport water and nutrients) but do not produce seeds |
| Seed plants | Seed plants make up the majority of living plant species. |
| what are the reproductive organs of a flower? | Flowers contain reproductive organs (stamens = pollen, carpels = ovules) |
| How do the light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP and NADPH? | Light energy excites electrons, causing water to split and electrons to move through a chain that creates a proton gradient, which produces ATP and NADPH. |
| photorespiration | is a process where the enzyme Rubisco uses oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, causing the plant to waste energy and make less sugar. |
| Photosynthesis | process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar (food) and release oxygen. |
| Respiration | the process by which cells break down sugar (glucose) using oxygen to produce energy (ATP), releasing carbon dioxide and water. |
| In bryophytes, what are Rhizoids? | Rhizoids are root-like structures that anchor gametophytes to the substrate |
| What are the parts and structures of the male and female reproductive parts on a flower. | male flower- stamen which is consisted on the anthers and filament. In the anther it contains the pollen sacs which holds pollen. In a female flower it has a single carpel which contains the stigma, style, and ovary. Within the ovary it has ovules. |
| What happens during Oxidation/Reduction? | Light energy excites an electron in chlorophyll, raising it to a higher energy state. An electron doner then replaces the lost electron in chlorophyll, restoring it to its ground state |
| Where does photosynthesis occur and where is it located at? | Photosynthesis occurs within the chloroplast, and this is located in the mesophyll cells of leaves. |
| What was the main vegetation for the first 100 million years of plant evolution? | bryophytes |
| What are the 4 types of floral organs? | a: 1. sepals, usually green and enclose the flower bud 2. petals, brightly colored to attract pollinators 3. stamens, male reproductive organs 4. carpels, female reproductive organs |
| What are the different kinds of spore production? | asexual, mitosis and spores and sexual, plasmogamy karyogamy and meiosis |
| What structures do fungi use to absorb nutrients? | Hyphae. |
| Where does the Calvin cycle take place? | In the stroma of the chloroplast. |
| Provide examples of quaternary structure. | DNA polymerase, Hemoglobin, and Rubisco. |
| Which classification of plants developed vascular tissue that allowed them to grow taller? | Seedless vascular plants |
| Provide an example of a sporophyte that produces sporangia in male and female cones. | Pine tree. |
| What are the two phases of CAM photosynthesis, and when do they occur? | Stage 1: C4 pathway—initial fixation of CO2 to form 4-carbon acids; occurs at night. Stage 2: Calvin cycle—release of CO2 into the Calvin cycle; occurs during the day. |
| What is a polymer? | A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
| What do haploid gametophytes produce and how? | The haploid gametophytes produce haploid gametes (sperms and eggs) by mitosis |
| What is pollination? | Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Any non-uniform distribution of matter or energy represents a source of energy. |
| what adaptation did angiosperms develop? | flowers and fruits |
| What is double fertilization? | Double Fertilization is when one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote, the other sperm fuses with two nuclei in the embryo sac, forming a triploid cell. |
| What is the main function of spores and when do they grow? | Spores enable fungi to colonize new environments. They germinate and grow when conditions are favorable. |
| Describe two major challenges plants faced when moving from water to land and the adaptations that helped them overcome those challenges. | The two major challenges were desecration and lack of structural support. Plants evolved waxy-like cuticles and stomata to reduce water loss and developed lignified vascular tissues to provide support and allow upright growth on land. |
| What is the main structural component of fungal cell walls? | Chitin |
| What is the structure of chlorophyll imporatant for? | the ring with Mg asobers light energy, and the hydrocarbon tail anchors chlorophyll in the thylakiod membrane. |
| How did early plants on land get nutrients from the soil? | Cooperation with mycorrhizae. |
| List some examples of fungi found in Ascomycota / Basidiomycota | Yeasts, truffles, food spoiling molds, etc. // Puffballs, rusts, smuts |
| What is the term used to refer to the spectrum of light that plants use for photosynthesis? | PAR / Photosynthetically Active Radiation |
| What is the chemical shape of chlorophyll | A ring |
| all fungi are multicellular organisms: | true |
| fungi are highy effective decomposers | true |
| Where in the chloroplast does the light part of photosynthesis happen? | in the thylakoid membrane |
| Proteins are constructed from the same set of ____ amino acids | 20 |
| What is mycology? | the study of fungi |
| What are the three main products of the calvin cycle? | Sugars, adp, nadp |
| We discussed sporophytes and gametophytes in each group we covered (bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) how did the sporophytes and gametophytes differ between these groups? | In bryophytes the gametophyte is dominant and the sporophyte is smaller. In seedless vascular plants the sporophyte is more dominant and the gametophyte is smaller. In gymnosperms and angiosperms the sporophyte is dominant and the gametophyte is smaller. |
| Was there an overall trend in how they changed? | The overall trend was that as plants evolved there was a shift from gametophytes being dominant to sporophytes being dominant. |
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