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Microbio L11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Immune System- | Organs, tissues, cells, and proteins that prevent infection with microbes Commensals vs pathogens |
| The Immune System main job | Main job: self vs non-self Innocuous vs danger |
| Innate Immunity: | 1. Fast-acting Immediate or minutes to horse 2. Prevents or slows infection 3. Ancient (all animals) 4. Non-specific 5. No memory Same the second time |
| Adaptive immunity: | 1. Slow acting Days to weeks 2. Clears infections 3. Newly evolved (vertebrates) 4. Hyper-specific 5. Memory Better the second time |
| Components of innate immune system (3) | 1. Barrier systems Physical or chemical 2. Molecular defenses Pattern recognition receptors Cytokine signaling 3. Cellular defenses White blood cells Granules and phagocytosis |
| Barrier of Defenses 3 main categories | 1. Physical barrier 2. Mechanical barrier 3. Chemical barrier |
| Physical barriers | Prevents pathogen from entering Epithelial cells: lie every body entrance and cavity Skin!!! |
| Mechanical barriers | Flush away or trap microbes (movement) Example: tears, mucus, mucociliary elevator |
| Chemical barriers | Kill/prevent pathogen growth In tears, saliva, mucous Lysozyme: breaks down peptidoglycan Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) |
| Barriers are always | ON |
| When do molecular defenses work? | When told to!! |
| Microbial associated molecules patterns (MAMPs) | Molecules structures that are clearly foreign, indicative of a microbe/pathogen |
| Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) | host proteins, recognize MAMPs and induce some response Present in immune AND non-immune cells |
| Some PRRs have | direct antimicrobial activity Example: Bind and degrade viral RNA |
| Some PRRs eventually cause transcription/translation of cytokines | - Immune-related signaling molecules - Chemokines: attractions for immune cells - Vasoactive factors: alter blood volume and vessel permeability - Type 1 interferons: induce antiviral transcriptional state |
| Other molecular defenses: Iron Sequestration | Iron is a heavily limiting nutrient in host bodies Some immune proteins sequester iron to starve pathogens Some pathogens can get around this |
| Other molecular defenses: Complement | Many paths for C3 to bind pathogens Following effects to it sticking/binding: 1. Opsonization More efficient phagocytosis 2. Lysis 3. Induce inflammation |
| Lymphatic System | Collects and surveys extracellular fluid Primary: where blood/immune cells develop Secondary: where fluid is collected and screened |
| Cells of immunity | Immune cells part of the blood lineage White blood cells- leukocytes Can circulate (blood or lymph) OR can be tissue resident |
| Granulocytes | Use granules full of AMPs and other compounds to fight infection Some examples of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and neutrophils (most important) |
| Neutrophils | Main innate cells Secret AMPs Phagocytosis “Alarm sounders” |
| Phagocytosis | eating pathogens |
| NETs | explode out their DNA to trap microbes |
| Agranulocytes | No granules, mostly just phagocytosis Also, ability to activate adaptive cells |
| Monocytes | circulating, can become resident and turn into macrophages Professional phagocytic cells |
| Dendritic cells | phagocytosis, professional antigen presenters (adaptive communication) |
| Inflammation | full innate response Triggered by tissue damage (infection or injury) |
| 4 Symptoms of inflammation | Redness, swelling, heat, pain |
| 3 main steps of inflammation | 1. Vascular changes 2. Leukocyte Recruitment 3. Resolution |
| Inflammation STEP 1: Vascular changes | Vasodilation: increase blood flow and permeability Deliver nutrients and immune cells to tissue Various compounds regulate the vascular changes |
| Inflammation STEP 2: Leukocyte Recruitment | Chemokines slow and attract leukocytes to infection Margination: slowing of leukocytes in blood Diapedesis: slipping through vessel walls |
| Diapedesis | slipping through vessel walls |
| Inflammation STEP 3: Resolution | After clearance, new cytokines slow immunity, induce healing factors Pus: dead immune cells Chronic inflammation: causes severe tissue damage |
| Fever | Pyrogen (like endotoxins) induce cytokines to cause fever Communicates with hypothalamus Limited by NSAIDS |
| Low grade is protective | 37.5C - 38.3C |
| Dangerous | 40.5C |
| Fatal | 43C |
Created by:
liladdoyle