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Bio Ch 5, 6, 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | Capacity to do work |
| Kinetic energy | Energy of motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| Chemical energy | Energy stored in bonds |
| Cellular respiration | Breaks down glucose using oxygen to make ATP |
| Where it occurs | Mitochondria |
| Why it’s important | Converts food energy into usable ATP |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate; energy currency of cell |
| ATP structure | Adenine + ATP structure + ribose + 3 phosphate groups |
| Where energy is stored in ATP | Bonds between phosphate groups |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphates) |
| Phosphorylation | Adding phosphate to energize molecule |
| Why ATP is like battery | Stores and releases energy repeatedly |
| Enzyme | Protein that speeds up reactions |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions in cell |
| Activation energy | Energy needed to start reaction |
| How enzymes work | Lower activation energy |
| Substrate | Reactant enzyme acts on |
| Active site | Region where substrate binds |
| Induced fit | Enzyme changes shape to fit substrate |
| Enzyme specificity | Only works with specific substrate |
| Enzyme reuse | Not consumed in reactions |
| Optimal conditions | Best temp and pH for activity |
| Denaturation | Loss of shape → loss of function |
| Competitive inhibitor | Competes for active site |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor | Changes enzyme shape |
| Why inhibitors matter | Regulate metabolism |
| Why does lowering activation energy matter | Speeds reactions needed for life |
| What happens if enzyme denatures | Reaction slows or stops |
| Compare ATP and ADP | Both nucleotides; ATP has more energy |
| Why are enzymes reusable | Not changed in reaction |
| Why does lowering activation energy matter | Speeds reactions needed for life |
| What happens if enzyme denatures | Reaction slows or stops |
| Compare ATP and ADP | Both nucleotides; ATP has more energy |
| Why are enzymes reusable | Not changed in reaction |
| Carbohydrates function | Quick energy, storage, structure |
| Monosaccharide | Single sugar (glucose) |
| Glycogen | Animal glucose storage |
| Starch | Plant glucose storage |
| Cellulose | Plant structure (fiber) |
| Cellular respiration equation | Glucose O₂ → CO₂ + H20 + 36 ATP |
| Aerobic | Requires oxygen, ~36 ATP |
| Anaerobic | No oxygen, 2–4 ATP |
| Matrix | Fluid where Krebs cycle occurs |
| Cristae | Folds increasing surface area for ETC |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons |
| Coenzyme | Electron carrier (NADH, FADH₂) |
| Glycolysis location | Cytoplasm |
| Glycolysis type | Anaerobic |
| Glycolysis output | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, NADH |
| Why ATP invested | Activation energy |
| Purpose | Convert pyruvate to Acetyl |
| Outputs | CO₂ and NADH |
| Location | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Outputs | 2 ATP, CO₂, NADH, FADH₂ |
| Purpose | Load electron carriers |
| Location | Cristae |
| Function | Use electrons to create proton gradient |
| ATP synthase | Enzyme that makes ATP using H+ flow |
| Oxygen role | Final electron acceptor → Forms water |
| Output | ~32 ATP |
| Fermentation | ATP production without oxygen |
| Lactic acid fermentation | Produces lactic acid |
| Alcoholic fermentation | Produces ethanol + C02 |
| Why is oxygen critical in ETC | Prevents backup of electrons |
| Why is ATP yield low in anaerobic | No ETC |
| Where is most ATP made | Electron transport chain |
| What happens to CO₂ | Released as waste |
| Photosynthesis | Converts light energy → chemical energy |
| Occurs in | Chloroplast |
| Equation | CO₂ + H₂O → glucose + 02 |
| Thylakoid | Contains chlorophyll |
| Granum | Stack of thylakoids |
| Stroma | Fluid for Calvin cycle |
| Chlorophyll | Absorbs red/blue light, reflects green |
| Why plants are green | Reflection of green wavelengths |
| Location | Thylakoid membrane |
| Inputs | Light, H₂O |
| Outputs | ATP, NADPH, O₂ |
| What happens to water | Split → oxygen released |
| Location | Stroma |
| Inputs | CO₂, ATP, NADPH |
| Output | Glucose |
| Carbon fixation | CO₂ → organic molecule |
| Photosynthesis produces | Glucose + 02 |
| Why interdependent | Products of one = reactants of other |
| Why is photosynthesis essential | Provides energy base for ecosystems |
| Why animals depend on plants | Plants produce oxygen and food |
| What happens to energy in glucose | Stored chemical energy |
| Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that ____ | kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, wheres chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules |
| When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction it _____ | lowers the activation energy of the reaction |
| Step 1 of the Enzyme reaction | Substrate binds at the enzyme active site |
| Step 2 of the Enzyme reaction | Enzyme speeds up the chemical reaction and lowers the activation energy to create product(s) |
| Step 3 of the Enzyme reaction | Finished products leave Enzyme |
| Step 4 of the Enzyme reaction | Enzyme is reused as long as conditions are optimal |
Created by:
katdolan