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Anatomy Unit 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone functions | - give shape - support body structures - protects vital structures - muscle attachment - contains red marrow (makes blood cells) - store and release inorganic salt |
| Bone functions: shape | - give shape to structures in our body - head, face, thorax, limbs |
| Bone functions: support | - provide support to body - Bones of lower limbs, pelvis and vertebral column support the body's weight |
| Bone functions: protection | - protects vital structures in cranial and thoracic cavities - rib cage protects heart and lungs - skull protects eyes, inner ear, and brain - pelvic girdle protects the reproductive organs and abdominal cavity |
| Bone functions: body movement | - muscles attach to bones to move the body - Bones = Key role |
| Bone functions: blood cell formation | - human body bones are where blood cells are made - occurs in bone marrow |
| Hematopoiesis | process of blood cell formation |
| Bone marrow | soft, net-like mass of connective tissue in bone |
| Homeostasis - calcium | Body low in calcium: releases calcium from bone - bones = weaker Body high in calcium, excess calcium stored in bone matrix - bones = stronger |
| Joints are also called | articulations |
| Joints are the | functional junctions between bones |
| What do joints do? | - bind parts of the skeletal system -make possible bone growth - permit parts of skeleton to change shape during childhood - allow movement |
| How do we classify joints | - by type of tissue that binds the bones at each junction and by degree of movement possible at joint |
| Three types of joint classifications | - fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial |
| Fibrous Joints | - dense connective tissue holds bones together - ligament 3 types - syndesmosis - suture - gomphosis |
| Syndesmosis | - fibrous joint - slight movement ex: distal ends of tibia and fibula |
| Suture | - fibrous joints - bones of skull - immovable ex: sagittal suture |
| Gomphosis | - fibrous joints - cone - shaped bony process in a bony socket - immovable ex: tooth in bone held by ligament |
| Cartilaginous joints | - bones connected by cartilage 2 types - synchondrosis - symphosis |
| Synchondrosis | - cartilaginous joints - usually temporary structures disappear with growth - immovable - ex: epiphyseal plates (growth plates) |
| Symphosis | - cartilaginous joints - cartilage between bones - slight movement examples: - symphysis pubis - 2 vertebrae separated by an intervertebral disc |
| Synovial joints | - most joints of the skeletal system - allow free movement - most range of motion |
| Synovial joint anatomy | Articular cartilage - covers ends of bones - resists friction Joint capsule - 2 distinct layers to hold bone together - outer layer = dense connective tissue - completely enclose joint |
| Ligaments | - connecting bone to bone - strong, tough, collagen - reinforce joint capsule |
| Six types of synovial joints | Ball and socket gliding hinge pivot saddle condyloid |
| Ball and socket joints | - synovial joint - "ball" or head of bone fits into a "socket" - widest ROM - hip and shoulder |
| Gliding joints | - synovial joint - short bones that glide past one another - wrist and ankle (carpals and tarsals) |
| Hinge joints | - synovial joint - like a door hinge - elbow, knee, fingers (phalanges) |
| Pivot joints | - synovial joint - one bone pivots around on another bone - rotation happens - forearm, head, (atlas and axis) |
| Saddle joints | - synovial joint - one bone sits in another bone like a saddle - lots of movement - thumb |
| Condyloid joints | - synovial joints - the condyle of one bone fits into the cavity of another bone - lots of movement - between metacarpals/metatarsals (knuckles and phalanges) |
| Types of cells in bones | - Osteocytes - osteoblasts - osteoclasts |
| Osteocytes | - located at lacuna - mature bone cell - responsible for bone quality and calling osteoblasts to work when needed |
| Osteoclasts | breaks down bone (erodes bone) |
| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells - lay down the matrix |
| Ossification is the | formation of bone tissue |
| Bone forms by... | replacing existing bones in 1 of 2 ways - inframembranous ossification - endochondral ossification |
| Inframembranous bones | - broad, flat bones of the skull go through this - early in development, membrane-like layers of connective tissues paper at sites of future bones |
| Endochondral bones | - most of the bones of the skeleton - develop from cartilage which are shaped like future bony structures |
| How do osteoblasts become osteocytes | - osteoblast deposit bony matrix around themselves in place of membrane/cartilage - osteoblasts become completely surrounded by bony matrix - secluded in lacuna = osteocyte |
| Epiphyseal plate | - where bone grows - found in long bones - cartilage layer that separates diaphysis from epiphysis - continues to grow until later in adolescence, then epiphyseal plates ossify |
| Homeostasis of bone | - osteoclasts and osteoblasts continuously remodel bones throughout your whole life - reabsorb, then deposit bone - osteoclasts break down, osteoblast builds back up - new skeleton every 7 years |
| Bone matrix | 1/3 organic = flexibility - collagen - protein-carbo complexes 2/3 inorganic = strength - calcium phosphate salt - magnesium, sodium, potassium |
| Bone matrix (calcium and vitamin D) | - need vitamin D to absorb calcium In the small intestine - need UV to make vitamin D |
| Osteomalacia (rickets) | deficient vitamin D which leads to soft bones |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Impaired osteoblast function, collagen unorganized, brittle bones |
| Factors affecting bone development, growth and repair | Vitamin D,A,C hormones physical stress |
| Vitamin D | - necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine - absence = bone lacks calcium (inorganic salt) - weaker bones |
| Vitamin A and C | - required for normal bone development and growth - without either, bone development inhibited |
| Hormones | Growth hormone - stimulates division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates (keeps plates growing) Sex hormones - promote formation of bone tissue |
| Physical stress | - promotes bone growth - more stress = more bone growth |
| Fracture | break in the bone |
| Fracture classifications | Cause - due to injury: traumatic break (6 types) - due to disease: pathologic break By nature of break: - break exposed to outside: compound fracture - break protected by skin: closed fracture |
| Greenstick fracture | incomplete |
| Fissured fracture | incomplete longitudinal break |
| comminuted fracture | complete fracture with fragments |
| transverse fracture | occurs straight across the bone |
| Oblique fracture | at an angle |
| Spiral fracture | caused by twisting |
| Bone healing process | - bone breaks, blood vessels inside it break - a hematoma (blood clot) form In the area - osteoblasts come in and build a new bone - fibroblasts produce collagen - osteoclasts reabsorb fragments - more bone is produced at sight of healing |
| Osteoporosis | - condition in which bone weakens and can break easily due to calcium loss - associated with aging - can lead to fractures - trabeculae are lost and bones develop spaces |
| Osteoporosis statistics | - white woman: 1 in 6 - African American + Asian = lower - men: risk is half of women - greatly increases after menopause because of decline in estrogen |
| Causing factors of osteoporosis | - low calcium in diet - lack of physical activity - declining hormone levels (estrogen) - alcohol - smoking - genetics |
| Prevention of osteoporosis | - calcium pills - engage in physical activity - bone mineral x- ray (65 and older) |
| Hyper vs Hypo calcium and hormones | Hypercalcemic: high calcium - calcitonin is released and stimulates osteoblasts to form more bone, excess bone = stored in matrix Hypocalcemic: low calcium - Parathormone is released and osteoclasts break down tissue releasing calcium from matrix |
| Calcium facts | Calcium is needed for muscular and nervous systems - thus you always need calcium in blood |
| Scoliosis | - curving of the spine sideways (away from middle) Three causes - congenital (present at birth) - poor muscle control or weakness - idiopathic - unknown (most common) |
| Forward bend test | - most common scoliosis test - imbalances show - bend forward with feet together |
| Kyphosis | - curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back - hunchback/slouching appearance - occurs in cervical/thoracic area |
| Lordosis | - excessive curvature of the spine in the lumbar area - swayback appearance |
| Articulate | two bones work with one another to make a joint |
| Epiphysis | - ends of a long bone - articulates another bone |
| Articular cartilage | - cartilage on epiphyses - so bones can rub up against one another smoothly |
| Diaphysis | - shaft of the bone - located between the epiphyses |
| Medullary | - in diaphysis, a hollow chamber that runs vertically Contains - blood vessels - nerves - yellow marrow |
| periosteum | tough, connective tissue covering the bone (all bone area except articular cartilage) |
| Spongy bone | - honeycomb look, spread out matrix - make up epiphysis for the most part - also in diaphysis, much less |
| Trabeculae | branching bony plates that make up spongy bone |
| Epiphyseal plates | - band of cartilage in epiphysis - where growth occurs - growth plate |
| Endosteum | thin membrane that lines medullary cavity |
| Marrow | - specialized type of soft connective tissue - can be red or yellow |
| red marrow | - found in spongy bone in epiphysis - makes blood cells (hematopoiesis) - RBC, WBC, Platelets |
| Yellow marrow | - found in medullary cavity in diaphysis - stores fat - insulates bone |
| Structure of short, flat, irregular, and round bones | - thin plates of compact bone for the outside with spongy bone of the inside - have no diaphysis - contain red marrow in spongy bone |
| Compact bone | - dense bone matrix outer layer - lies mainly in diaphysis made of Collagen (gives bone flexibility) Inorganic salts (calcium) - hard and crush resistant |
| Osteons | - makes up compact bone matrix - cemented together to make bone - cylinder shaped unit that makes up bone - runes all the way down the bone |
| Central canal (Haversian canals) | - osteons form circles around these - central canals are longitudinal Contains - blood vessels - nerves Bones heal fast - get good blood supply |
| Perforating Volkmanns canals | - transverse passages that connect central canals - blood vessels and nerves run through them |
| Inside osteons | - lacuna - osteocytes - canaliculus - lamella |
| Lacuna | Tiny, bony chambers that house the bone cells |
| Osteocytes | - bone cell - located in lacuna - regulate bone quality |
| Canaliculus | - tubes in the matrix that extend outward from osteocytes - osteocytes can transport nutrients and Wastes to and from nearby cells - how osteocytes communicate |
| Lamella | - thin layers of osteocytes and bone matrix - rings |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822