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Exam 2 HIST
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 146 BCE | the Roman Republic established undisputed dominance over the Mediterranean by destroying its two major rivals |
| 31 BCE | the pivotal Battle of Actium occurred on September 2, where Octavian’s fleet, commanded by Agrippa, defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra off the coast of Greece |
| Arian Controversy | a major 4th-century theological dispute sparked by Arius, a priest in Alexandria, who argued that Jesus Christ was a created being, subordinate to God the Father, rather than co-eternal |
| Carthage | great city of antiquity on the north coast of Africa |
| Cicero | treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics |
| Cleopatra | Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt |
| Constantine (The EMPEROR) | the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, legalizing the religion through the Edict of Milan (313 AD) and shifting the empire toward Christianization |
| Constantinople (The CITY) | the historic, strategic capital of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires, now known as Istanbul, Turkey |
| Consuls | the highest elected political and military magistrates of the Roman Republic |
| Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305 |
| Emperor Julian | the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and he believed that it was necessary to restore the Empire's ancient Roman values and traditions |
| Essenes | a 2nd-century BCE to 1st-century CE Jewish sect known for their strict apocalyptic, ascetic, and purist lifestyle, largely associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls |
| First Triumvirate | an unofficial, secret political alliance formed in 60 BCE between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus |
| Gnostics | a collection of 1st-2nd century religious, syncretic movements emphasizing gnosis (secret inner knowledge) over faith for salvation |
| Hannibal | a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War. |
| Hijrah | the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina |
| Iconoclastic Controversy | a major religious and political conflict in the Byzantine Empire over the use of religious icons, dividing society into iconoclasts (image-breakers) and iconophiles (image-venerators) |
| Jahiliyya | pre-Islamic Arabia's state of spiritual and moral ignorance before the Quranic revelation |
| Julius Caesar | A member of the First Triumvirate, he led the Roman armies through the Gallic Wars and defeated his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil war |
| Mark Antony | a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman |
| Nabataeans | an industrious Arab people who established a prosperous trading kingdom, centered at the rock-carved city of Petra (in modern Jordan) between the 4th century BC and 2nd century AD. |
| Pontius Pilate | best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion |
| Punic Wars | a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire during the period 264 to 146 BC |
| Ramadan | observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), communal prayer (salah), reflection, study of the Quran, charity, and strengthening community |
| Romulus | legendary founder and first king of Rome |
| Sassanid Empire | controlled all of modern-day Iran and Iraq |
| Second Triumvirate | a formal, legally sanctioned alliance between Octavian (Caesar's heir), Mark Antony, and Lepidus |
| Struggle of the Orders | political struggle between the plebeians (commoners) and patricians (aristocrats) |
| Tiberius Gracchus | a Roman politician best known for his agrarian reform law entailing the transfer of land |
| Tribunes | elected officials in ancient Rome (specifically tribuni plebis) appointed to protect the rights of commoners (plebeians) against patrician magistrates, possessing the power to veto actions and propose legislation |
Created by:
kziegler