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APHG Unit 6 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| African Cities Model | An Urban Model that reflects the impact of colonization in Africa and includes both a traditional and a colonial CBD and a market zone |
| Bid-Rent Theory | the price and demand for real estate changes based on the distance from the central business district. Land closer to the CBD is more expensive since there is less of it and more demand. |
| Blockbusting | when people of one ethnic group are frightened into selling their homes at low prices when they hear a family of another race or ethnicity is moving into the neighborhood |
| Boomburb | a suburban area experiencing significant growth in population and prosperity |
| Borchert's Epochs | a model that suggest that each new transportation system changed how people moved in and between urban areas and influenced urban development |
| Brownfield | sites of abandoned factories; a property which has the potential to be hazardous waste, pollutant, or contaminant |
| Central Business District | the commercial heart of a city that is the focal point of transportation and services |
| Central Place Theory | a theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlement exists. Every central place is surrounded by a market area it services. |
| Conurbation | when a chain of cities grows until they merge into a single uninterrupted area |
| Concentric Zone Model | Burgess' urban model where the city is structured as a series of rings around the CBD, with housing getting larger and more expensive the farther away it is from the center |
| De Facto Segregation | segregation of people that happens "by fact" rather than by law |
| Disamenity Zone | areas not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs, often located in physically unsafe locations like mountain slopes |
| Ecumene | the permanently inhabited portion of the Earth's surface |
| Edge City | a city that exists on the fringes of a larger city and acts as a regional hub for recreation, business, or other community activity for the suburban population of the larger city |
| Eminent Domain | laws allowing the government to seize land for public use after paying owners fair market value |
| Ethnic Enclave | relatively small, ethnically homogeneous areas situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context |
| Exurbanization | the movement of suburbanites further out into rural areas |
| Filtering | the change in the use of a house from a single-family home to rented units in a multifamily dwelling to eventual abandonment |
| Food Desert | a community where there is no access to fresh, healthy, affordable food options because there is a lack of grocery stores or farmers markets. |
| Forward Capital | a symbolically relocated capital city, usually for economic or strategic reasons |
| Galactic City Model | an urban model that illustrates the spread of cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner city |
| Gated Community | walled or fenced neighborhoods with limited access |
| Gentrification | the process of wealthier residents moving into a neighborhood, renovating and making it unaffordable for existing residents |
| Ghettos | areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination |
| Gravity Model | Places that are larger and closer together will have more interaction (flow of people and goods) than places that are smaller and farther away from each other. |
| Greenbelts | areas of undeveloped land around an urban area |
| Hinterland | the outlying towns and small communities that rely on the central city for goods and services |
| Infill | the process of building up underused lands within a city |
| Informal Economy | the portion of the economy that is not taxed, regulated, or managed by the government |
| Latin American Cities Model | An urban model that mixes sectors and concentric zones. It includes a CBD with a commercial spine and the quality of housing decreases as one moves outward from the CBD. |
| Megacity | a city with more than 10 million residents |
| Megaloplis | a chain of interconnected cities |
| Metacity | large cities that have more than 20 million residents |
| Metropolitan Area | a collection of adjacent cities across which population density is high and continuous |
| Mixed-Use Neighborhood | neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial buildings (not separated into zones) |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | An urban model where a city grows from several independent points rather than a single CBD, and as they expand, they merge to form a single urban area. |
| New Urbanism | A movement in urban planning that emerged in the 1990s with goals including reducing urban sprawl, increasing affordable housing, and creating livable neighborhoods. |
| Pedestrian Cities | urban centers that were shaped by the distances people could walk |
| Primate City Rule | if the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city, the largest city is said to have primacy |
| Range | the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services |
| Rank-Size Rule | The population of a town or city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy. The second-largest city will be half the population of the first largest, the third-largest will be a third of the population of the first largest, etc. |
| Redlining | the process by which banks refused loans to those who wanted to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas |
| Rural | sparsely populated places away from the influence of large cities |
| Sector Model | Hoyt's urban model that is arranged in a series of sectors or wedges that radiate out from the central business district. |
| Satellite City | an established town near a very large city that grows into a city independent of the larger one |
| Settlement | a place with a permanent human population |
| Shantytown | Unplanned slum developments on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made of found materials. |
| Smart Growth | a set of policies in the US to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city |
| Southeast Asian Cities Model | An urban model in which the focus of the city is the port zone. There is an alien and a western commercial zone and a belt of market gardening surrounds the city. |
| Squatter Settlement | Settlements in which people living there do not have a legal right to the land or property and are living there illegally. |
| Suburbanization | the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities |
| Threshold | size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable. Services with a low threshold are very common and present in even the smallest central places. Services with higher thresholds required a larger population to survive. |
| Urban Canyon | streets lined with tall buildings that can channel and intensify wind and prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground |
| Urban Decay | deterioration of an urban area due to age or neglect |
| Urbanization | the process through which urban areas grow as the population moves into cities and away from rural areas |
| Urban Redevelopment | Renovating a site by removing the existing landscape and building from the ground up. |
| Urban Sprawl | the rapid spread of development outward from the city center |
| World City | a city that exerts influence far beyond its national boundaries |
| Zoning | the idea that zones or regions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes |
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