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Chapter 11
Learners who are Deaf or hard of hearing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Decibels | Units of relative loudness of sounds. |
| Congenitally deaf | Deafness that is present at birth. |
| Adventitiously Deaf | Deafness that occurs through illness or accident in an individual who was born with normal hearing. |
| Prelingual Deafness | Deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language; usually at birth. |
| Postlingual deafness | Deafness occurring after the development of speech and language. |
| Tympanic membrane (Eardrum) | The anatomical boundary between the outer and middle ears; the sound gathered in the outer ear vibrates here. |
| Ossicles | Three tiny bones that together make possible an efficient transfer of sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window which connections the middle ear to the inner ear. |
| Malleus | The hammer-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Incus | The anvil-shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Stapes | The stirrup-shape bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear. |
| Oval Window | The link between the middle and inner ears. |
| Vestibular mechanism | Located in the upper portion of the inner ear. |
| Cochlea | A snail-shaped organ that lies below the vestibular mechanism in the inner ear. |
| Otoacoustic emissions | Low-intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation; used to screen hearing problems in infants and vey young children. |
| Audiologist | An individual trained in audiology, the science of dealing with hearing impairments, their detection, and remediation. |
| Pure-tone audiometry | A test whereby tones of various intensities and frequencies are presented to determine a person's hearing loss. |
| Hertz (Hz) | A unit of measurement of the frequency of sound; refers to the highness or lowness of sound. |
| Audiometric zero | The lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear. |
| Speech audiometry | A technique that tests a person's detection of understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss. |
| Speech-reception threshold (SRT) | The decibel level at which a person can understand speech. |
| Conductive hearing impairment | A hearing impairment usually mild resulting from malfunctioning along the conductive pathway of the ear. |
| Sensorineural hearing impairment | A hearing impairment usually severe resulting from malfunctioning of the inner ear. |
| Mixed hearing impairment | A hearing impairment resulting from a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing impairments. |
| external otitis | An infection of the skin of the external auditory canal; also called swimmers ear. |
| Otitis media | An inflammation of the middle ear; common in young children. |
| Connexin-26 | A gene the mutation of which causes deafness. |
| Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | The most frequently occurring viral infection in newborns. |
| Sign language | A manual language used by people who are deaf to communicate. |
| Oralism-manualism debate | The controversy over whether the goal of instruction for students who are deaf should be to teach them to speak or to teach them to use sign language. |
| Total communication | An approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that blends oral and manual techniques. |
| Simultaneous communication | The use of both manual and oral communication by people who are deaf. |
| Bicultural-bilingual approach | An approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that stresses teaching American sign language as a first language and English as a second language and promotes the teaching of Deaf culture. |
| Auditory-verbal approach | Part of oral approach to teaching students who have hearing impairments. |
| Auditory-oral approach | A method of teaching communication to people who are deaf that stresses the use of visual cued such as speechreading and cued speech. |
| Speechreading | A method that involves teaching children to use visual information from a number of sources to understand what is being said to them. |
| Cued speech | A method of aid speechreading in people with hearing impairment. |
| Homophenes | Sounds that are different but look the same with regard to movements of the face and lips. |
| Signing English Systems | Used simultaneously with oral methods in the total communication approach to teaching students who are deaf. |
| Fingerspelling | Spelling the English alphabet by various finger positions on one hand. |
| Text telephones (TT) | A device connected to a telephone by a special adapter. |
| Video relay service (VRS) | A service, using a sign language interpreter a video camera or computer, and internet connection that allows persons who are deaf to communicate with those who are hearing. |
| Transliteration | A method used by most sign language interpreters in which the signs maintain the same word order as that of spoken English. |
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