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anatomy test 2
part 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is the composition of blood? | plasma 55% white blood cells and platelets 4% red blood cells 41% |
| what is the function of each of the components of blood? | plasma- liquid part of your blood.fluid balance white blood cells- fight infection and destroy damaged or cancerous cell and control the immune response platelets- cell fragments crucial for clotting red blood cells- supply oxygen to tissue |
| what are the formed elements of blood? | the non fluid, solid components of blood erythrocytes (rbc) leukocytes (wbc) and platelets |
| how is plasma different from serum? | plasma is the fluid portion of blood. anticoagulant added serum- the liquid obtained after blood has clotted. no anticoagulant added -the absence of fibrinogen and other clotting factors- are consumed or removed during clotting. fibrin forms the clot. |
| examples of blood proteins | albumin globulins fibrinogen transferrin |
| what is albumin? | -the major plasma protein -crucial to blood osmolarity (concentration of solutes in the blood) -helps maintain pH by acting as buffer -transports fatty acids, bilirubin, steroids |
| what is a gamma globulin? | -synthesized by WBCs -antibodies etc that function in immunity and defense -may be administered to provide passive immunity (given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system) |
| what are the plasma transport proteins? | -albumin -alpha and beta globulins -gamma globulins -clotting proteins -other- lipoproteins, enzymes etc |
| conditions that cause abnormal blood cells and blood cell counts? | -leukocytosis- high WBC leukopenia- low WBC leukemia- mutations in WBC that mean they don't work to crowd out RBCs and platelets anemia- low RBC hemorrhagic anemia (injury) and hemolytic anemia (RBC are cut/bursting) |
| What are the different kinds of white blood cell? | Granulocytes short life span. grainy appearance 1. neutrophil- most abundant 60-70 % 2. eosinophil 1-4% total 3. basophil >1% Agranulocytes 4. Monocytes 2-8% 5. Lymphocyte 25-30% |
| Granulocytes | neutrophil multi-ramped up during acute infections. contains granules of lysosomes that can cut. active phagocytes eosinophil active against parasitic worms. dissolves them basophil contains histamine + heparin |
| Argranulocytes | longer life than granulocytes monocyte- largest WBC. active against virus, bacteria, parasites lymphocyte- 25-30% total WBC T and B cells in lymphoid tissue coordinate immune response, produce antibodies etc |
| blood clotting proteins | fibrinogen- the building block of the clot. is 7% of blood protein prothrombin- precursor to thrombin- catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
| where are blood clotting proteins produced? | in the liver |
| are amino acids stored in the body? | no they are obtained from the diet and are quickly used for protein synthesis or other metabolic functions the liver controls the amino acid concentration in the body |
| when amino acids are broken down what are the products? what becomes of them? | ammonia The liver processes ammonia into urea through the urea cycle. Urea is then transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine. This process helps to eliminate toxic ammonia from the body. |
| how is adult erythropoiesis different from infant erythropoiesis? | adult- occurs in the bone marrow infant- occurs in the liver and spleen (and yolk sac) |
| what triggers the production of more blood cells? | Erythropoietin -EP hormone produced by the kidneys. acts on bone marrow. stimulates red blood cell production hypoxia- kidney responds by releasing EP Lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folate can signal the body to produce more blood cells |
| how is blood broken down? | RBCs start to age around 120 days aged RBCs become trapped in spleen capillaries and liver where they phagocytized hemoglobin is transported to liver and degraded to heme and globin |
| what are the byproducts? | heme- degraded to iron and porphyrin ring. iron is recycled. stored as ferritin in red bone marrow and liver porphyrin ring is degraded as bilirubin which is excreted in bile globin- degraded and amino acids are recycled |
| what are the basic cell types produced as blood is produced? | hemocytoblast -> proerythroblast -> erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte |
| what are reticulocytes? | immature RBC with visible clumps of residual ribosomes and ER account for 1% of total RBC released into bloodstream. oxygen high in people recovering from blood loss reticulocyte counts are clinically useful bc they indicate the rate of RBC formation |
| how is blood formed? | hematopoiesis- production of all blood cells erythropoiesis- production of red blood cells leukopoiesis- production of white blood cells thrombopoiesis- production of platelets |
| where does hematopoiesis occur? | the spongy tissue inside of your bones called bone marrow is then released into bloodstream |
| order of the abundance of the different types of white blood cells. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas | 1. neutrophil- most abundant 60-70 % 2. Lymphocyte 25-30% 3. Monocytes 2-8% 4. eosinophil 1-4% total 5. basophil >1% |
| what are the basic steps of blood clotting? | Platelets adhere to the injury site release chemicals to bring more platelets thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forms mesh. Fibrin strands weave through platelet plug, stabilizing the clot Platelets contract, pulling edges of wound together |
| how are blood clots broken down? | fibrinolysis- dissolution of the clot clot contains plasminogen plasminogen converted to plasmin, an enzyme that dissolves fibrin so, plasmin will dissolve clot formed via tPA- tissue plasminogen activator |
| what is thrombocytopenia? | a bleeding disorder not enough platelets in the blood caused by some cancers, chemotherapy etc |
| what is the importance of vitamin k? | it is required for synthesis of clotting factors |
| what are the basic steps that lead to arteriosclerosis? | Injury to lining vessels from high blood pressure fats accumulate at site body responds with inflammation, immune attracted lipids and immune cells form plaques that harden the artery walls plaques cause arteries to narrow, restricting blood flow |
| how does digestion first take place in the mouth? | salivary lipase- breaks down carbs lingual lipase- breaks down lipids |
| what the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway? | extrinsic- tissue or cell trauma intrinsic- exposure to collagen in endothelium. damage to the blood vessel the goal of both is the lead to the common pathway and activate prothrombin |
| what are the three steps of hemostasis (stopping bleeding) | 1. vascular spasms - Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow at injury site. 2. platelet plug formation - Platelets adhere to damaged area and form a temporary plug. 3. coagulation - fibrin is formed stabilizing the platelet plug = blood clot. |
| does the liver produce digestive enzymes? | no |
| what vitamins are produced by enteric bacteria (LI) | B and K |
| shape of red blood cells and function | biconcave to maximize surface area for gas exchange |
Created by:
emma.thornton