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chapter 6 TEST
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| encoding | involves forming a memory -spend time |
| the process of getting info out of memory storage is called...? | retrieval |
| flashbulb memories are stored in _____ memory? | long term -momentous events |
| automatic processing | a cognitive mechanism where tasks are performed without conscious effort, intention, or awareness, typically developed through practice or repetition. -reading, driving,instruments |
| the conscious repetition of info in order to maintain it in memory is called...? | maitenance rehearsal |
| spacing effect (aka serial order effect) | learn + retain items @ the beginning + end of the list (primacy + recency effect) |
| primacy effect vs recency effect | p:tendency to remember 1st items r: tendency to remember last items |
| neurotransmitter associated w/ memory (+ alzheimer's) | acetylcholine |
| structure of the brain responsible for transferring STM to LTM | hippocampus |
| the tendency to immediately recall the 1st and last items in a list better than in the middle items is known as the ____ effect? | serial order (position) effect |
| semantic encoding | processing+storage of information based on meaning, rather than sound/visual - relating new info to existing knowledge, improving LT retention compared to shallow processing. elaborative rehearsal, context mapping, and organizing information chunks. |
| mnemonic device | a memory aid that's based on encoding each item in a special way |
| method of loci | a mnemonic device that calls for linking the items on a list w/ a memorized list of places -associated items w/ well-known location |
| acronyms...examples of...? | HOMES... helps w/ memory |
| chunking | group of familar stimuli stored as a single unit -ex: phone #s, SS#, acronyms |
| narrative chaining | unorganized into a story |
| being able to imagine a word/phrase does what to your ability to remember it? | helps one another |
| schemas + how they affect memory? | organized cluster of knowledge abt a particular object or sequence of events |
| overlearning | the practice of continuing to study or rehearse a skill after initial mastery or proficiency has been reached. |
| distributive practice vs. mass practice | d: longer, more meaningful mp: cramming, short period of time |
| flashbulb memories+ their accuracy | vivid+detailed, momentous events |
| relearning | the process of acquiring knowledge or skills that were previously learned but later forgotten or neglected. |
| the clive wearing case: what part of his brain was damaged + what caused this damage to occur? | hippocampus; herpes. -LTM very damaged |
| amnesia associated w/ what part of the brain? | hippocampus |
| autobiographical memory (aka memory from early childhood), seems to develop when? | until age 3 |
| episodic memory | made up of CHRONOLOGICAL, temporally dated, recollection of personal experiences |
| the formation of new memories probably increases the formation of what? | new synaptic connections and promotes the survival of newly generated neurons in the brain. This process, primarily occurring in the hippocampus, involves structural changes at the cellular level that allow neurons to "wire together" |
| evidence suggests that we can recall true memeories of events that happened to us @ what age? | 3 |
| iconic memory | fleeting photographic memory which only lasts for a few tenths of a sec. |
| sensory memory | preserves info in its og sensory form for a very brief time fraction of a sec. |
| echoic memory | a fleeting auditory memory of sounds/phrase |
| STM + LTM... capacity & duration? | STM holds 5–9 items or 15–30 seconds, whereas long-term memory LTM has a virtually unlimited capacity + can last a lifetime. STM-limited -LTM is structured semantically. -chunking extends STM capacity -rehearsal transfers info to LTM. |
| retrieval cues | stimuli-sounds, smells, sights, or context—that act as triggers to access info stored in LTM - work by activating associated memories, making recall more effective, especially when cues match the ogl encoding, like state-dependent/ context-dependentmem |
| state dependent memory | the phenomenon where memory retrieval is more effective when an individual's internal physiological or emotional state (e.g., mood, alertness, or chemical influence) matches the state during encoding. |
| misinformation effect | a memory phenomenon where exposure to false, misleading information after an event leads to distortions in an individual's memory, causing them to recall incorrect details |
| men vs. women: who are more accurate w/ eyewitness testimony? | women |
| men vs. women: who are better w/ episodic memory? | women |
| what are some of the helpful suggestions to improve studying? | -spread out study time -make material meaningful -remember how CONTEXT LEARNING can help w/ memory -use mnemonic devices |
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